Posts tonen met het label boeddhologie. Alle posts tonen
Posts tonen met het label boeddhologie. Alle posts tonen

donderdag 12 november 2015

Devadatta was misschien zo slecht nog niet. Ascese, legenden, hedendaagse Devadatta's, de Dharma opschudden & leraren pensioneren. Met gedichten

Devadatta heeft een slechte pers in de boeddhistische gemeenschap. Hij heeft de historische Boeddha proberen te vermoorden en verraden. En hij heeft bovenal een splitsing in de boeddhistische gemeenschap (de sangha) proberen te bewerkstelligen. Of misschien wel feitelijk heeft bewerkstelligd. Als hij echt heeft bestaan natuurlijk.
De naam 'Devadatta' wordt tegenwoordig wel gegeven aan boeddhistische onruststokers, die dus slecht en dus eigenlijk geen boeddhist zijn, zegt men. Als scheldwoord, net zo als 'Judas'.

Eerst de feiten (maar wat zijn feiten bij deze figuur?),  uit Wikipedia :
"Devadatta betekent letterlijk godsgeschenk en komt als naam wel meer voor in het Oude India. Er was onder andere een boeddhistische monnik en een neef van Gautama Boeddha onder die naam. Devadatta was jaloers op Boeddha, die hij nog uit zijn jeugd kende, en Sariputta. Devadetta had de ambitie zelf de leider van de monnikenorde te worden.
Hij ging naar de Boeddha toe en vertelde hem dat Boeddha een oude man was en zwak. Het was beter als Devadatta de orde overnam, zodat Boeddha van zijn oude dag kon genieten. Boeddha weigerde dit, waarna Devatta verschillende keren getracht heeft de Boeddha te vermoorden.
Devadatta probeerde eerste een rotsblok op hem te laten vallen, maar het rotsblok brak in tweeën. Vervolgens stuurde hij een wilde dronken olifant naar de Boeddha. Maar toen de olifant in de buurt van de Boeddha kwam stopte hij met zijn wilde aanval en boog voor de Boeddha.   Vervolgens probeerde hij een tweedeling in de sangha, of kloostergemeenschap, te bewerkstelligen en afwijkende regels vinaya voor monniken in te stellen.
"

'Afwijkende regels': dat waren er vijf ( bron ) :
1.   dat monniken hun hele leven in het bos horen te verblijven;
2.   dat ze geen uitnodigingen moeten aanvaarden voor maaltijden,
      maar volledig leven van aalmoezen verkregen door te bedelen;
3.   dat ze alleen gewaden gemaakt van afgedankte vodden moeten dragen
      en geen gewaden van de leken aanvaarden;
4.   dat ze aan de voet van een boom en niet onder een dak horen te verblijven;
5.   dat ze zich volledig moeten onthouden van vis en vlees.

Wel wat strenge regels, al hadden ze dan alleen op monniken betrekking, wat erg ascetisch; vooral: als monnik zo weinig mogelijk met leken te maken willen hebben.
Maar niet echt revolutionair.
De vegetarische vijfde regel is nu zelfs voor Westerse leken de norm geworden.

Het verhaal van de moordpogingen op de Boeddha heb ik, na een behoorlijke zoektocht, niet in de Sutta's gevonden. Eigenlijk vond ik één bron: van Thanissaro Bhikkhu als noot bij z'n vertaling van de 'Sakalika Sutta: The Stone Sliver': "Cullavagga VII tells of how Devadatta, the Buddha's cousin, tried unsuccessfully in various ways to wrest leadership of the Sangha from the Buddha. In Cv VII.3.9, he tries to kill the Buddha by hurling a rock down a mountainside. The rock is crushed, and so misses the Buddha, but sends out a splinter that pierces the Buddha's foot, drawing blood. According to the Commentary, this discourse together with SN 4.13 describe the Buddha's reaction to this attempt on his life."
Opvallend dat het Sakalika Sutta zelf wel gaat over een steensplinter in de voet van de Boeddha maar niet dat dit een gevolg zou zijn van het gooien van een steen door Devadatta.

Ik dus de Cullavagga opzoeken. Deze is zeker honderd jaar na het heengaan van de Buddha ontstaan. Kortom: het verhaal van de moordpogingen lijkt later ontstaan te zijn toen de beeldvorming over Devadatta al negatief was. Het was de poging de sangha te splijten die de ouderen echt dwars zat (en zit). Hier is de bron, de  Cullavagga zelf . Zie pag. 224 en verder.

Ook het voorstel van Devadatta aan de Boeddha, z'n spiritueel leiderschap neer te leggen gezien z'n leeftijd (bijna tachtig) komt zover ik weet niet in een sutta voor, ook weer alleen in de zeker een eeuw later ontstane Cullavagga (pag. 238;  vetgemaakt door mij, Joop R)
 " Now at that time the Blessed One was seated preaching the Dhamma, and surrounded by a great multitude, including the king and his retinue. And Devadatta rose from his seat, and arranging his upper robe over one shoulder, stretched out his joined hands to the Blessed One, and said to the Blessed One :
  ' The Blessed One, Lord, is now grown aged, he is old and stricken in years, he has accomplished a long journey, and his term of life is nearly run. Let the Blessed One now dwell at ease in the enjoyment of happiness reached even in this world. Let the Blessed One give up the Bhikkhu-sangha to me,  I will be its leader.'
   'Thou hast said enough, Devadatta.  Desire not to be the leader of the Bhikkhu-sangha.' 
"

Ook de rest van dit verhaal leest als een (verfilmbaar) spannend boek.
Merkwaardig genoeg maakte de traditie veel minder een probleem van deze greep van Devadatta dan van z'n splijting van de sangha en de aan hem toegeschreven moordpogingen.

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Een essay van de hand van Monika Zin: About Two Rocks in the Buddha's Life Story
Met veel afbeeldingen, eentje hierbij (klikken). Ze begint aldus:
"The story about Devadatta hurling a rock at the Buddha in order to kill him is far less well known than another episode in which he tried to murder the Buddha by releasing the elephant Nalagiri. In comparison to the story about the raging elephant that was calmed down by the Buddha's all-including maitri or by his magic, the story about the rock - in which the Buddha escaped death not through his power but owing to the help of protecting spirits or nature - is far less impressive and much more difficult to represent in art. However, the story about the rock is told or at least mentioned often in canonical and post-canonical literature. The episode is part of the vinaya of many schools as it belongs to a cycle of stories about an attempted schism of the order, but it is also told elsewhere. "

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A Condemned Saint: Devadatta  door  Reginald Ray
Uit: 'Buddhist Saints in India '  © 1994    Te vinden  hier  en  hier

Het is deze tekst die veel mensen (ook mij) de ogen heeft geopend over de misschien wel onjuiste beeldvorming van Devadatta.
Ik vertaal een aantal passages, soms licht parafraserend. Een opmerking over de term 'SAINT ' hierbij, ik vertaal die hier letterlijk als heilige, maar denk aan het begrip 'arhat'; want volgens mij is de vraagstelling van Ray of Devadatta dat (volgens de oude teksten) is.

"  Devadatta verschijnt prominent in de Nikāya teksten als de Boeddha's neef en aartsrivaal, die consequent concurreert met de Gezegende en probeert om hem omver te werpen. Zoals afgebeeld in zijn legenden, is Devadatta in feite, een verstokte boosdoener, die wordt gedreven door ambitieuze en hatelijke intenties en een aantal verderfelijke daden uitvoert ... [ zo dat] Rockhill terecht opmerkt dat 'zijn naam in latere tijden synoniem werd voor alles wat slecht is, het object van de haat van alle gelovigen.'
Maar het portret van Devadatta als een boosdoener is, binnen de Indiase boeddhistische corpus, niet geheel consistent. In feite zijn er aanwijzingen, hoe gering ook, van een andere, heel andere Devadatta, een onberispelijke heilige wiens heiligheid wordt erkend door andere boeddhistische heiligen, waaronder Sariputra en zelfs de Boeddha zelf. In de vinaya van de Sarvastivada, bijvoorbeeld, leren we dat al twaalf jaar na zijn toelating tot de orde, Devadatta zich met foutloos gedraagt in daden en gedachten. Hij leest en reciteert de sūtta, leeft volgens de juiste discipline, en streeft naar het praktiseren van de Dhamma;
...
   Het thema van Devadatta's heiligheid wordt bevestigd in de Udana, waar het de Boeddha die hem prijst. Devadatta wordt genoemd als een boeddhistische heilige onder andere grote boeddhistische heiligen.
[In sommige versies van de Pali Canon wordt dat in de zogeheten 'Brahmana Sutta' gedaan, in andere niet. Dan ontbreekt Devadatta in de overigens zelfde tekst. Zie daarvoor Bijlage 1 hieronder. De verklaring van dit verschil – in feite verklaart Ray het verschil tussen de betreffende Udana-sutta en dezelfde tekst in de MN - als volgt (in noot 32) ]:
Deze lijst, die dezelfde heiligen gegeven in dezelfde volgorde, verschijnt in het Majjhima Nikāya (3: 78-79) - behalve voor het feit dat Devadatta afwezig van zijn positie als nummer tien. De twee meest redelijke verklaringen voor deze discrepantie zijn (1) dat de lijst in Mn de originele lijst vertegenwoordigt en dat Devadatta later werd aan de lijst in de Udana is toegevoegd (2) dat de lijst Udana de eerdere configuratie vertegenwoordigt, met Devadatta in de Mn verwijderd. Deze laatste optie lijkt realistischer om drie redenen: (1) de oudheid van Ud ten opzichte van de Mn; (2) gegeven het verfoeilijke karakter van Devadatta in het geëvalueerde Boeddhisme, is het veel onwaarschijnlijker dat hij uit een lijst als deze wordt toegevoegd dan dat hij uit de andere wordt geschrapt; en (3) Devadatta heeft wel een positieve kant, zoals we hebben gezien, maar naarmate de tijd vordert, wordt die steeds meer verborgen onder een bedekking van venijnige veroordeling.

  
[Ray baseert zich o.a. op Bareau en die]... voltooit zijn bespreking van de teksten door te observeren dat op het ondubbelzinnige beeld van Devadatta als een deugdzaam, 'rigoureus' bhikkhu alle vroege vinaya-teksten overeenstemmen. De oorspronkelijke Devadatta, concludeert Bareau, was gewoon een heilige die door de boeddhistische traditie, in de loop van de tijd, meer en meer gehaat werd.

   Deze conclusie werpt een belangrijke vraag op: wat is het met Devadatta dat zijn mede-boeddhisten hem zo aanvallen? Het is veelzeggend dat Devadatta, in het vroegste stadium van deze legende, een woudmonnik in de klassieke vorm is. Hij heeft afstand gedaan van de wereld onder de Boeddha. Hij oefende een bos-stijl van het boeddhisme, waaronder enkele vorm van de dhutaguṇas, zich terugtrekken in eenzaamheid en meditatie, en hij heeft een aantal niveaus bereikt. Zijn verwezenlijking krijgt boeddhistische legitimiteit omdat die wordt erkend door niet minder dan Sariputra (Pali) of Ananda (Sarvastivada), en zelfs door de Boeddha zelf. Daarnaast is er een cultus rond zijn persoon, zodanig dat hij onder zijn toegewijde clientèle zelfs de kroonprins en latere koning Ajātaśatru kan rekenen. Devadatta's cultische populariteit blijkt ook duidelijk uit de vijandige getuigen van boeddhistische kant, die het vertrouwen en het enthousiasme van zijn leken-aanhangers leken op verschillende punten moeten toegeven.
   Devadatta is niet alleen een bos-heilige, maar één die zich sterk maakt voor het 'woud-boeddhisme' als de enige authentieke vorm van boeddhistische verzaking, gezien zijn voorstellen
[van de vijf aanvullende regels].
Zijn niet aflatende pleidooi voor het bos-boeddhisme is ook te zien in de kwestie van leiderschap. In tegenstelling tot zijn boeddhistische critici gaat Devadatta - in zijn verzoek aan de Boeddha om leider te worden na het heen gaan van de Boeddha - ervan uit dat de overdracht van het gezag in het boeddhisme moet gaan van leraar tot leerling; de meer collectieve, tekst-gerichte en institutie-gerichte vormen, kenmerkend voor het gesettelde monnikendom, zijn geen onderdeel van zijn denken.

   Deze uitleg wordt bevestigd wanneer we opmerken dat zijn aanvallers juist degenen onder de boeddhisten zijn, die het meest geïdentificeerd zijn met het gesettelde kloosterleven. Zijn meest enthousiaste belasteraars zijn, in de eerste plaats, die monastieke scholen die voortkomen uit de conservatieve, monastieke Sthaviras. Daarnaast is het juist in hun vinayas - die teksten in de vorm van vaste kloosterleven wordt geconsolideerd en onderstreept - dat deze kritiek wordt beleden. Met andere woorden, Devadatta wordt significant als een vijand binnen de specifiek monastieke context ... Verder is het duidelijk dat gesettelde monastieke waarden de drijvende kracht zijn in het Devadatta verhaal vanaf in zijn vroegste vorm: het probleem in kwestie heeft te maken met de centrale autoriteit en institutionele eenheid ... Ten slotte zijn de overheersende waarden waarvan de aanvallers van Devadatta blijk gaven, die van vaste kloosterleven: hoewel het tolereren van het bos-leven lippendienst wordt bewezen, is de voorkeur van de asceet duidelijk de vaste monastieke situatie. … Het is ook typisch dat de dramatis personae van het conflict de opstelling hebben van de eenzame individu – Devadatta (zijn vier vrienden en zijn winst en verlies van de vijfhonderd benadrukken slechts zijn eenzaamheid) - versus de menigte van de Boeddha's discipelen. Het lijkt duidelijk dat de kern van de Devadatta legende, en met name de venijnige aard van de veroordeling van deze heilige, het best begrepen kan worden als de uitdrukking van een controverse tussen een voorstander (en zijn traditie) van het woud-boeddhisme en voorstanders van het vaste kloosterleven, een controverse die in de bronnen wordt gezien vanuit het oogpunt van de monastieke zijde.
   Er kan geen twijfel over bestaan dat Devadatta's schisma niet een gebeurtenis is, bedacht door boeddhistische auteurs, maar een historisch feit is, zoals blijkt uit de door de twee Chinese pelgrims, Fa-hsien en Hsüan-tsen. Fa-hsien, bijvoorbeeld , beschrijft een gemeenschap van discipelen in de buurt van Sravasti die volgelingen van Devadatta zijn en die eer bewezen aan de drie voorgaande boeddha's, maar niet aan Śākyamuni.
"

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Why Devadatta Was No Saint   door   Bhikkhu Sujato     Hier    te vinden.

Hieruit (ook door mij vertaald, Joop R] :   "Conclusie

Ray's stelling dat Devadatta een bos-heilige was die onterecht werd verguisd door latere monastieke boeddhisten is ongegrond. De teksten waarop hij zich beroept zijn ofwel een vergissing of verkeerd geïnterpreteerd. Dit is niet een kwestie van subjectieve beoordeling; Hij gebruikt gewoon zijn teksten verkeerd. Als zijn fouten zijn gecorrigeerd alles valt uit elkaar.
Devadatta was een veelbelovende jonge monnik, een getalenteerd familielid van de Boeddha, die ten prooi viel aan de al te menselijke zwakheden van jaloezie en verwaandheid. Zijn val uit de gratie was dramatisch, maar er was nog steeds de hoop op verlossing. Dit verhaal wordt consequent verteld door alle boeddhistische tradities. Net als alle populaire afleveringen in het leven van de Boeddha, is het onderworpen aan allerlei overdrijvingen geweest. In dit proces is de historische figuur van Devadatta verduisterd worden als door een diepe mist. De methoden van tekstkritiek bieden enige hoop in het onderscheiden van de meer of minder plausibel aspecten van zijn legende, en het geven van een glimp van de man achter de legende.
In Ray's handen, echter, is deze blik verloren en blijven we achter met slechts een karikatuur. In plaats van de cartooneske schurk van de tradities, zo hopeloos dwaas en ten dode opgeschreven, hebben we een even cartooneske held, een vlekkeloze gerealiseerde heilige, tragisch verkeerd begrepen, waarvan elke tekortkoming arbitrair is toegeschreven aan de bedenkelijke motivaties van monastieke propagandisten. Het leven van Devadatta - zijn complexe, genuanceerde, ongrijpbare, breekbare en gekwelde ziel, is nog steeds verborgen.
"

Ik ken Sujato als een moderne en intelligente monnik, maar hier is hij behoorlijk agressief bezig. Hier spreekt de Theravada-orthodoxie.
Eerlijk gezegd toont het Christendom (tegenwoordig) meer begrip voor Judas als dit boeddhisme voor Devadatta.

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A Buddha and his Cousin   door   Richard P. Hayes
Hier te vinden.

Het betoog in z'n geheel heeft een duidelijk standpunt t.a.v. Devadatta: schuldig.
Maar daarbinnen maakt Hayes een paar interessante psychologische opmerkingen.

" Acht jaar voordat de Boeddha stierf op de leeftijd van tachtig, begon Devadatta's gebrek aan goed karakter zich te manifesteren op een manier die niet langer kon worden genegeerd.
Volgens de canonieke bronnen was de Boeddha inmiddels een bekend leraar geworden. Tijdens de zevenendertig jaar die waren verstreken sinds hij zijn onderwijscarrière begon, had de Boeddha een aantal prominente monniken aangetrokken, alsmede rijke en beroemd mecenassen. Terwijl zijn faam toenam, steeg ook de kwaliteit van het materiaal van de gaven die werden gegeven aan de boeddhistische gemeenschap. Monniken die ooit gekleed waren in gewaden, gemaakt van afgedankte vodden, kregen nu gewaden gemaakt van nieuw doek. Monniken die ooit hun maaltijden bij elkaar hadden gebedeld door van huis tot huis te gaan, werden uitgenodigd om te dineren met koningen en handelaren. Monniken die ooit buiten geleefd hadden in geïmproviseerde hutten, verbleven nu in monastieke compounds in permanente gebouwen. De Boeddha die steeds De Grote Asceet werd genoemd, leefde niet langer een leven van evident ascetisme. Het was deze verschuiving in levensstijl die de expliciete geworden grond was van Devadatta's klacht tegen de Boeddha, hoewel de teksten de suggestie wekken dat dit expliciete thema een meer persoonlijke agenda maskeerde. ...

  De Devadatta in me
Een aantal van de diverse boeddhistische tradities is gebaseerd op de leer dat iedereen een Boeddha binnen in zich heeft, en deze innerlijke Boeddha je ware aard is. Hoewel ik vele jaren een vorm van boeddhisme beoefende die precies op deze leer is gebaseerd, heb ik dat nooit geloofd. Ik doe dat nog steeds niet. Wat ik veel gemakkelijker om te geloven vind, is dat iedereen
een Devadatta binnen in zich heeft, die klaar op de loer ligt, om de Boeddha te grijpen en vernietigen van de Boeddha als die langs komt. De Devadatta van de boeddhistische legende was, of beweerde te zijn, een morele perfectionist. Hij was iemand die niets konden verdragen wat zou kunnen worden uitgelegd als laksheid of een gebrek aan de meest strenge vormen van zelfdiscipline.
....
Uit het verhaal van Devadatta blijkt dat perfectionisme de vijand van de perfectie is.
"

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Devadatta in de Lotus Sutra   (Officiële naam: Saddharma-pundarika-sutra)
Uit de boekversie van Servire, 1996:

Hoofdstuk 12   Devadatta  (pag. 252)
“De Boeddha zei toen tegen alle bhikshu's: 'Deze vorst uit lang vervlogen tijden was ikzelf. De kluizenaar Asita was niemand minder dan de huidige Devadatta. Dank zij Devadatta's goede vriendschap was ik in staat me te vervolmaken in de zes Volmaaktheden … Zo verwierf ik de Volmaakte Verlichting en redde ik talloze levende wezens. Dit alles heb ik te danken aan de goede vriendschap van Devadatta.
Ten overstaan van de vier groepen verklaar ik nu dat Devadatta na zijn heengaan en na het verstrijken van ontelbare kalpa's, een boeddha zal worden …'
”

Hoofdstuk 26   Dharani  (pag. 399)
“Wee hem die onze bezwering trotseert
En een prediker kwaad berokkent!
Moge zijn hoofd
In zeven stukken worden gekloofd
...
Of van Devadatta
Die tweedracht zaaide in de gemeente
  (d.i. sangha)”

Die tweedracht is kennelijk erger dan de aan hem toegeschreven moordpogingen op de Boeddha. Het verschil tussen deze twee waarderingen van Devadatta wordt niet benoemd.
Mogelijk geldt ook hier de theorie van R. Ray dat hfst 12 tot het oudere deel van sutra behoort en hfst 26 later is toegevoegd.

Voor de Engelstalige digitale versie: zie Chapter 12  en  Chapter 26 .
Voor mijn mening over de Lotus Sutra en in het bijzonder het gebruik dat Nichiren (Soka Gakkai) ervan maakt, zie m'n  blog uit feb. 2015

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Devadatta   door   Leigh Brasington
Bron: Leighb

Brasington draait in navolging van Ray de volgorde oorzaak-gevolg in de geschiedschrijving om: de op hem gebaseerde “... cult was quite successful, managing to survive at least into the 7th century CE. Because of this rivalry with a cult very close in doctrine, the mainstream Buddhist decide to paint Devadatta in a seriously bad light and wound up attributing to him all the nasty deeds we think of when we hear his name. …
  Clearly there is something seriously wrong with the traditional picture as preserved in the Theravadan vinaya. It says that after trying 3 times to kill the Buddha, Devadatta comes waltzing into camp (er, the monastery) and proposes his 5 new rules. Well, if Devadatta was known to be trying to kill the Buddha, he would never have been allowed close enough to the Buddha to propose the 5 rules! The story just doesn't make any sense. And the order of these events seems to be different in some of the other vinayas - perhaps, someone realized the weird order and cleaned things up.
  Looking carefully at all the references to Devadatta in the suttas, all he is ever accused of is creating a schism - no mention of attempts to kill the Buddha or of Devadatta's own death. So I think Devadatta was a very serious practitioner who felt the Buddha and the Sangha were going soft, so he tried to return to a more austere way of practice.
  It is possible that Devadatta was not even a contemporary of the Buddha! He might have come along later (tho not too much later given that his story is in the Mahasaghika vinaya and that split was about 100 years after the Buddha's death). But whenever he came along, he was very worrisome for the mainstream Buddhists.
”

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Stephen Batchelor - Devadatta in   'After Buddhism '

In 'After Buddhism' wijdt Batchelor twee lange passages (een pagina of zeven) aan Devadatta. Hij blijft daarbij vrij dicht bij de traditionele visie, is niet zo stoutmoedig als elders.
Zie Bijlage 2

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De Gedichtenbundel 'Devadatta’s Poems '   door Judith Beveridge

De Australische dichteres Judith Beveridge heeft verleden jaar een bundel gedichten gepubliceerd over Devadatta, en z'n omgang met de Boeddha.
Uiteraard met de nodige dichterlijke vrijheden, maar dat past wel bij deze figuur.
Zie Bijlage 3. Ter geruststelling: het zijn géén makkelijke, Zen-achtige gedichten.


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Update 16 november

Nog een   Review  van de dichtbundel van Judith Beveridge; en een    Interview met haar

Nog een   website over Devadatta , met een tekenfilm-video over de zgn moordpogingen

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Vooral naar aanleiding van het artikel van Hayes kwam de volgende gedachte in me op:
Als Devadatta niet had bestaan, dan had hij moeten worden uitgevonden
Om het onderscheid donker-licht: de goede Boeddha tegenover de slechte Devadatta.
Om duidelijk te maken dat de splitsing van de sangha niet direct of indirect door de Boeddha is veroorzaakt.
Als ideale zondebok om angsten en boosheid op te projecteren.
Misschien is hij ook wel uitgevonden.

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De actuele betekenis van Devadatta

Devadatta, echt bestaand of uitgevonden, heeft wellicht nu ook nog een functie.
En niet alleen psychologisch zoals Hayes schrijft, een soort 'Devadatta-Natuur' naast ieders Boeddha-Natuur' (Batchelor had het ook over 'Mara-Natuur')
Maar ook om het al te gesettelde boeddhisme de maat te nemen; die vormen waarin men in zijn of haar comfort-zone blijvend kan beoefenen. Waarin men zich wentelt in de donaties van rijke weldoeners (koningen destijds en captains of industry tegenwoordig). Of vindt dat er met 'buddhism-lite' niets mis is.

Kortom: niet zozeer een ascetisch boeddhisme voor monniken destijds,
              maar een ongemakkelijk boeddhisme voor leken nu.

Daarom kunnen ook hedendaagse Devadatta's een rol spelen
Zoals Glenn Wallis met zijn kritiek op het  'X-Buddhism '
Of een David Chapman over het  'Consensus Buddhism '
Een rol die hen niet altijd in dank worden afgenomen, zoals ook Nederlandse Devadatta's weten. Alleen: hadden we nu ook maar eens een vrouwelijke Devadatta.

Ook een Devadatta-functie is, tegen oude leraren te zeggen: zou je er niet eens mee stoppen, met het spiritueel leiderschap van je sangha? Zoals  destijds : je bent 'now grown aged ... old and stricken in years, .. has accomplished a long journey, and [je] term of life is nearly run. Let [je] now dwell at ease in the enjoyment of happiness reached even in this world. ' (pag 238)

Bijvoorbeeld tegen de leraren die de afgelopen vijftien jaar bij voortduring bij de BOS te horen en soms te zien waren, tientallen jaren 'in het vak':
Jotika (82 jaar)
Ton Lathouwers (82 jaar)
Han de Wit (pas 71 maar m.i. oud geboren)
Nico Tydeman (73 jaar, idem)

Alleen ik zeg niet tegen ze 'I will be its leader '. Niet alleen omdat ik zelf ook oud ben maar vooral omdat ik voor leraarloos en leiderloos beoefenen ben.


Tot slot een 'personal note ' van Leigh Brasington ( hier )
"I found the research in 'A Condemned Saint: Devadatta' to be very interesting. It showed me how easily I could be persuaded to swallow a story - even one with the weird order of the Devadatta story. Many times I told the traditional story of Devadatta as part of one of my dhamma talks. It has been very helpful in reminding me to look carefully at ANY teaching. For years I have been telling my students to not take the stories in the suttas (let alone the vinaya) as literally true - that sutta study is about finding instructions on how to practice that are repeated in multiple places/circumstances - and then to go do those practices. It was kind of humbling to see I'd been taken in again. "

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Bijlage 1

Devadatta wel of niet in het 'Brahmana Sutta' in de Udana

1.   Vertaling van Jan de Breet en RobJanssen, opgenomen in
      Khuddaka-Nikaya – De verzameling korte teksten

I – 5. De oudere monniken


Aldus heb ik gehoord.
Eens verbleef de Verhevene in Savatthi, in het Jetavana, het park van Anathapindaka. In die tijd gingen de eerwaarden Sariputta, Maha-Moggallana, Maha-Kassapa, Maha-Kaccana, Maha-Kotthita, Maha-Kappin, Maha-Cunda, Anuruddha, Revata, Devadatta en Ananda naar de Verhevene toe.
De Verhevene zag die eerwaarden van verre aankomen en daarop richtte hij zich tot de monniken: 'Dit.monniken, zijn de brahmanen die er aankomen! Die zijn brahmanen die er aankomen!'
Na deze woordeen zei een zekere monnik die van brahmaanse afkomst was, het volgende tot de Verhevene: 'Wanner, Heer, is men een brahmaan en wat zijn de eigenschappen die iemand tot brahmaan maken?'
Toen dan, toen de Verhevene de betekenis hiervan doorgrondde, welde er op dat moment spontaan deze bewogen uitspraak in hem op:

   'Zij die slechte geestestoestanden weren
   en die altijd vol van aandacht leven
   ontwaakten die de ketenen geslaakt hebben,
   zij waarlijk zijn brahmanen in de wereld.'

(Onderstreping door mij, Joop R)


2.  Vertaling door Thanissaro Bhikkhu in  Accesstoinsight

Brāhmaṇa Sutta: Brahmans

I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One was staying near Sāvatthī at Jeta's Grove, Anāthapiṇḍika's monastery. And on that occasion Ven. Sāriputta, Ven. Mahā Moggalāna, Ven. Mahā Kassapa, Ven. Mahā Kaccāyana, Ven. Mahā Koṭṭhita, Ven. Mahā Kappina, Ven. Mahā Cunda, Ven. Anuruddha, Ven. Revata, and Ven. Nanda [1] went to the Blessed One. The Blessed One saw them coming from afar and, on seeing them, addressed the monks, "Monks, those are brahmans who are coming. Monks, those are brahmans who are coming."

When this was said, a certain monk who was a brahman by birth said to the Blessed One, "To what extent, lord, is one a brahman? And which are the qualities that make one a brahman?"

Then, on realizing the significance of that, the Blessed One on that occasion exclaimed:
  Having banished evil qualities
  those who go about ever mindful,
  awakened, their fetters ended:
  They, in the world,
  are truly brahmans.

Notes
1. This translation follows the Thai and Burmese versions of this passage. The Sri Lankan version replaces Ven. Nanda in this list with Ven. Ānanda; the PTS version replaces him with Ven. Devadatta and Ven. Ānanda. These latter two readings would appear to be mistaken, as the Buddha in this sutta defines "brahman" as one whose fetters are ended — i.e., an arahant — whereas Ven. Ānanda became an arahant only after the Buddha's passing; Devadatta, after having caused a split in the Saṅgha toward the end of the Buddha's life, fell into hell.
"
(noot 2 verwijderd, niet relevant)

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Bijlage 2

Stephen Batchelor in 'After Buddhism' over Devadatta

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Bijlage 3

Gedichtenbundel 'Devadatta’s Poems ' door Judith Beveridge

(Geciteerd uit twee recensies van deze bundel; reviews van M. Ball en M. Duwell )

Not that much is known about the historical character Devadatta, cousin of Siddhatta Gotama, the Buddha. Though much has been written about the Buddha, his shadowy cousin remains a secondary character throughout literature and historical texts, treated mainly as an evil and power hungry monk who attempted, unsuccessfully, to murder and usurp the Buddha’s power. In Devadatta’s Poems, Beveridge gives Devadatta a voice and a much richer characterisation, tracing his movement from ascetic devotee to jealous, murderous, and mostly ineffectual, rival. Although Devadatta’s Poems has been written as a companion piece to Beveridge’s sequences on Siddhattha Gotama and reading them together creates a wonderful balance between the forces of these character, it’s perfectly possible to read Devadatta’s Poems without reference to the other text. Devedatta, though not exactly likeable, is a compelling character—enriched by his vast hunger, his aesthetic rather than ascetic perceptions, and the somewhat fun shadow he casts on his almost too perfect cousin.
Of course this is poetry, not an historical novel, so Beveridge’s Devadatta is both allegorical in his representation of the world of the senses, and also provides a hyper-sensual and moving exploration of the sights, sounds, smells and tastes of his world:

  I smell ripe figs, dates, pomegranates; cumin and onions
  sizzling in hot ghee. There are piles of sesame and honey cakes,
  teas scented with cinnamon and cloves, but we must wait
(“Alms Round, Sarnath”)

His childish coveting of his cousin is given more depth through an exploration of their youth together and the games they shared. However, it is in Devadatta’s desire for Siddhatta’s wife Yasodhara and his ultimate hunger for glory and perhaps love in general, that makes Beveridge’s Devadatta more tragic than evil:

  All they’ll think about
  will be that Devadatta has come back and about how
  their lives, at last,
  feel as precious as silk
  pulled through a ring.
(“Return”)

  Sometimes I wonder why I wobbled far into the distance
  like an unhitched cart to bunker down to this life of alms,
  slim pickings, lost hope. I cry for the blue and lilac
  ring of hills and the shaded small valleys where I’d roam
  as a child.
(“Thinking of Kapilavatthu”)

Behind it all, almost as a theme, is Siddhatta’s religion: the asceticism and selflessness that Devadatta cannot emulate, despite his mantras and prayers. Devadatta rarely mentions Buddhism as such—he prays and fasts but never really embraces the notion of his own divinity—but the reader is allowed to perceive it, and Siddhatta’s grace is made evidence through through Devadatta’s jealous lens. Since we know that Buddhism will become a major world religion and Buddha will be revered by followers, Devadatta’s ill will takes on an irony so intense that we begin to feel some sympathy for Devadatta:

  Four Noble Truths make the ever-increasing
  Sangha where one day my name will be written
  into infinity and Siddhattha’s will become a nullity,
  a zero—his name never to be written anywhere,
(“My Discourse on Counting”)

The kind of dissonances I’ve spoken of briefly ensure that there is always a degree of tension at this level in Beveridge’s poems. Needless to say, a figure like Devadatta can embrace the expressive possibilities of the disgusting with brio, as he does in “Alms Round, Sarnath”:

  I want to tell Buddha to chew his rules about patience
  and frugality into a sloppy cud. I want to hold my bowl out
  as boldly as a symbol and clang it loudly with my spoon.

  I want to tell these miserable, skinflint, pinch-fisted folk
  to stop tossing us husks, rinds, cores, thorns, rats’ tails,
  roosters’ claws and – oh! – so many stinking lepers’ thumbs!


In “Rocks, Vultures Peak” from Devadatta’s Poems, this verbal indecorousness reaches (oh, yes say it) a peak when Devadatta attempts to kill the Buddha by rolling a rock down on him. I don’t know what the narrative tone of this story is wherever it appears in the Pali Canon – presumably it is a celebration of a divinely engineered escape – but to us it inevitably recalls Wily Coyote and the Roadrunner. And Beveridge’s poem reflects this by joyously abandoning any attempt at a po-faced historical dramatic monologue and having Devadatta imagine how the killing will be reported newspaper-headline style:

  Ah, one day Siddhattha, I’ll pick the right spot,
  I’ll pick the right rock and I won’t baulk the timing.
  I know how the story will go: ‘Slipping schist kills
  local altruist.’ ‘Leader of cult, brained by basalt.’
  ‘Religious moderate, crushed by conglomerate.’

vrijdag 16 oktober 2015

Juiste concentratie: het boek van Leigh Brasington Shankman en voorproefje van Chapman-discussie

Onderstaande is wel haast niet een blog maar een tijdschrift. Een themanummer over boeken en andere teksten, met m'n vorige blog over Batchelor's boek en een volgende over Chapman.
Hadden we dat maar in Nederland: een digitaal tijdschrift (papieren zijn verleden tijd) over boeddhisme, zonder gebabbel.

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Half oktober is verschenen:

Right Concentration : A Practical Guide to the Jhanas

  A Practical, Accessible and Demystifying Look at the Jhānas
  as Described in the Suttas of the Pali Canon

door Leigh Brasington , een leerling van Ayya Khema.

Uitgever Shambhala Publications
Te koop via zijn website leighb.com ,  Bol.com  of  Amazon.com

In het tijdschrift Tricycle is een artikel van Brasington verschenen dat een goede inleiding tot z'n boek is. Zie Bijlage 1, hieronder.
Een ander excerpt is te vinden in Lion's Roar - Entering the Jhanas

Overzicht van de inhoud (uit de website van de uitgever):
"      Primary Topics

• The Preliminaries
• Access Concentration
• Entering the Jhānas
•    Possible Problems Associated with Attempting to Enter the Jhānas
• First Jhāna
•    Possible Problems Associated with Initially Learning the 1st Jhāna
• Second Jhāna
•    Possible Problems Associated with Learning the 2nd Jhāna
• Third Jhāna
•    Possible Problems Associated with Learning the 3rd Jhāna
• Fourth Jhāna
•    Possible Problems Associated with Learning the 4th Jhāna
• Insight Practice
•    The Two Types of Insight Practice
• The Immaterial Jhānas
•    Possible Problems Associated with Learning the Immaterial Jhānas

       Other Topics

• Frequently Asked Questions
• Vitakka & Vicara
• The Jhāna Summary
• Insight Knowledge
• The Cessation of Perception and Feeling
• The Psychic Powers
• Ending the Asavas
• Other Benefits of Jhāna Practice
• Helpful Things to Do at the Beginning & End of Each Meditation Period
• Mindfulness of Breathing
• Metta Meditation
• Other Access Methods
• How Much Concentration Is Required For Jhāna?
• In or Out: The Relationship Between Jhāna Practice & Insight Practice  "


De mens kan veel zelf doen en thuis doen, maar concentratie-meditatie gericht jhana's moet toch wel eerst in een retraite van minstens tien dagen met een leraar gedaan worden, is mijn overtuiging.
Het lezen en bestuderen van dit boek, vooraf of achteraf, is een goed hulpmiddel daarbij.
Geen leunstoelboek dus, zoals dat van Batchelor wel een beetje is.
Milinda/Asoka hoopt eind volgend jaar of later een Nederlandse vertaling uit te brengen; ik ben benieuwd of dat lukt.

Brasington is in oktober 2013 in Nederland geweest voor een korte retraite; de hoop is nog steeds dat er een keer een langere retraite met hem georganiseerd kan worden.
Hij geeft van 6 tot 15 november een retraite in het BuddhaHaus in Zuid-Duitsland, zie hier .

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Nog een boek over concentratie en inzicht: Richard Shankman

The Art and Skill of Buddhist Meditation: Mindfulness, Concentration, and Insight

Verschijnt 1 november 2015 (en ik heb het dus nog niet gelezen).

O.a. bij  Amazon.com  en  Bol.com
Op  zijn website  staat ook een link naar het  Sati Journal  met daarin artikelen over de vraag wat je hebt aan theoretische teksten bij de meditatie-beoefening: veel dus. Artikelen van o.a. Gil Fronsdal, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Stephen Batchelor; zie Bijlage 2.

"The Art and Skill of Buddhist Meditation offers a practical guide to building a strong meditation practice by unifying mindfulness, concentration, and insight into a single, integrated approach.
Mindfulness and insight—clearly knowing what is happening in one’s present moment experience—and concentration—the ability of the mind to remain steady and undistracted—are foundational elements of meditation, yet people are often confused about how these aspects of the practice fit together. Should they be doing insight meditation or concentration practices? How does concentration fit into insight meditation? To help, The Art and Skill of Buddhist Meditation offers specific guidance for cultivating both insight and concentration in meditation.


This book will be of interest to both beginning and experienced meditation practitioners who wish to familiarize themselves with, deepen their understanding of, and increase their practical skills in mindfulness, concentration, and insight meditation. New meditators who want hands-on skills they can easily put into practice will find the step-by-step instructions accessible and easy to understand. Experienced practitioners will find a complete and useful guide for deepening insight and cultivating the deeper stages of concentration known as jhana.
This book also discusses the most common experiences that can arise as the meditation process unfolds, and will help you find the approaches and techniques that work best for you.
"

Zie ook Bijlage 4 met de eerste pagina's.

Een eerder boek van Shankman heb ik uitgebreid geciteerd in mijn blog van augustus 2013
In dit boek uit 2008 is ook een uitgebreid interview met Leigh Brasington opgenomen.

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Update 3 november
Een aankondiging van een nieuw boek van Erik Hoogcarspel, dat hier stond, heb ik verwijderd.

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Maar eerst Stephen Batchelor's After Buddhism verder gaan lezen.
En niet vergeten regelmatig op m'n kussentje te gaan zitten.

Maar ook schrijven aan een volgende blog over een fascinerende - nog niet voltooide - serie teksten van de Amerikaanse blogger David Chapman op zijn website over 'Buddhist Ethics' . Fascinerend maar ook pijnlijk voor mij omdat het indirect  mijn 'oplossing'  van het herintroduceren van ethiek in de Nederlandse vipassana als non-oplossing wegzet. Uiteraard heb ik wel wat verweer, eerst maar goed nadenken.
Zie als voorproefje over de verhouding mindfulness-boeddhisme, Bijlage 3.

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Bijlage 1

Ingekorte versie van: " Focus Comes First
  A practice to develop the steady mind necessary for attaining wisdom

  by Leigh Brasington

Perhaps no aspect of the Buddha's teaching has been more misunderstood and neglected than right concentration. Yet right concentration is an integral part of the Buddha's path to awakening. It is, for instance, one of the qualities cultivated on the eightfold path.
In general, Buddhist teachings can be divided into three parts: sila, samadhi, and prajna: ethical conduct, concentration, and wisdom. Or to put it into the vernacular: clean up your act, concentrate your mind, and use your concentrated mind to investigate reality.
The Buddha thus makes it clear that a concentrated mind is necessary for the proper examination of reality. The jhanas are the method he taught over and over again for developing such a mind.

The word jhana literally means "meditation.'' In the sutras, there are four jhanas and four immaterial states. In modern times these eight states are simply called the eight jhanas. Thus the jhanas are eight altered states of consciousness, brought on via concentration and each yielding more concentration than the previous. Upon emerging from the jhanas—preferably the fourth or higher—you begin doing an insight practice with your jhanically concentrated, indistractable mind. This is the heart of the method the Buddha discovered. It reminds us that these states are not an end in and of themselves—they are simply a very useful way of preparing your mind, so you can more effectively examine reality and discover the deeper truths that lead to liberation.

The method for entering the jhanas begins with generating access concentration. The phrase access concentration means concentration strong enough to provide access to the jhanas. It is distinguished from momentary concentration—which is less concentrated—and from fixed or one-pointed concentration, which is the stronger concentration associated with the jhanas.
....

Generating access concentration can be done in a number of ways. A common means for doing so is through following the breath, a practice known as anapanasati. The first word of this Pali compound, anapana, means "in-breath and out-breath," while the word sati means "mindfulness." The practice is therefore "mindfulness of breathing." When practicing anapanasati, you put your attention on the physical sensations associated with breathing. It is extremely important to not control the breath in any way—just pay attention to the breath as it naturally occurs. If you control the breath, it does make it easier to focus. But it makes it too easy, so you won't generate sufficient concentration to enter the jhanas.

It is probably better if you can observe the physical sensations at the nostrils or on the area between the nose and the upper lip, rather than at the abdomen or elsewhere. It is better because it is more difficult to do; therefore, you have to concentrate more. Since you are trying to generate access concentration, you take something that is doable, though not terribly easy to do, and then you do it.
When noticing the natural, uncontrolled breath at the nose, you have to pay attention very carefully. In doing so you will notice the tactile sensations, and then your mind will wander off. Then you'll bring it back, and it will wander off; then you'll bring it back, and it will wander off. Eventually, though maybe not the next time you sit in meditation, maybe not even tomorrow or next week or next month, you'll find that the mind locks onto the breath. Any thoughts you have are relegated to the background. The thoughts might be something like, "Wow, I'm really with the breath now," as opposed to, "When I get to Hawaii, the first thing I'm going to do is …"

Whatever method you use to generate access concentration, the sign that you've gotten to access concentration is that you are fully present with the object of meditation. So if you are doing metta (lovingkindness meditation), you're just fully there with the feeling of metta; you're not getting distracted. If you're doing the body-sweeping practice, you're fully there with the sensations in the body as you sweep your attention over the body. You're not thinking extraneous thoughts; you're not planning; you're not worrying; you're not angry; you're not wanting something. You are just fully there with whatever your object is.

As you start to become concentrated, you might notice various lights and colors even though your eyes are closed. These are signs that you are starting to get concentrated. There is generally nothing useful that can be done—just ignore them. When you actually do get quite concentrated, the random blobs and laser shows will disappear. They might be replaced by a diffused white light, which is a sign of good concentration. It always appears for some people, it never appears for others, and many people find it sometimes appears and sometimes does not appear. But again, there's nothing you need to do with that sign either—it's just a sign. Remain focused on your meditation object.

Not everyone who undertakes jhana practice becomes proficient in this skill, but the only way to find out if it is something that works for you is to try learning it. It is indeed learnable by serious lay practitioners as well as by modern monks and nuns.
"

Uit  Tricycle van 28 september 2015

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Bijlage 2

" INTEGRATING STUDY AND PRACTICE

Editorial (door) GIL FRONSDAL


THE BUDDHA did not formulate his teaching for spectators. He offered teachings and practices that could be a path to the end of suffering, to Awakening. To walk this path one must understand the path. But to understand the path one must walk it. The study and the practice of Buddhism go hand in hand, mutually supporting each other.
The Sati Journal, as well as the Sati Center for Buddhist Studies, is dedicated to advancing our understanding of the Buddhist path through informed and reflective exploration of Buddhist teachings, practices, history, and scholarship. We aim to support the mutual integration of practice and study. We hope that this will add depth, breadth, and healthy challenge to our walking of the path.
For this inaugural issue we have asked some of the senior Western practitioners of Theravāda Buddhism to address the interplay between study and practice. One of the common themes of these writers is the value of understanding the early Buddhist teachings on their own terms, i.e., to try to put aside our own cultural perspectives and biases in favor of discovering what the Buddha meant. The better we understand what the Buddha actually taught, the better we can respectfully adopt, adapt, and challenge those teachings.
Studying Buddhism on its own terms can provide us with a significant reference point for understanding our selves. It can be quite difficult to see your own cultural conditioning. Not only can Buddhism help us to see this conditioning, it can help deconstruct 2 Volume 1
it so we can experience that which is not conditioned. Ultimately we study Buddhism so we can go beyond Buddhism.
As we better understand both Buddhism and ourselves we can become more responsible in translating Buddhism for the modern world. In the West, at least, many of us are still part of the first wave of Western Buddhist practitioners. It would be good if we can create a reliable foundation for the waves of future practitioners.
May the articles of this first issue challenge you, be worthy of being challenged by you, and above all support you on the Path to freedom.
"

Bron: Sati Journal 1

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Bijlage 3

Voorproefje van een komende blog n.a.v. artikelen van David Chapman over de door hem 'fraud' genoemde Westerse 'boeddhistische ethiek'.
Hier een passage over de relatie mindfulness - boeddhisme (met name vipassana).

Uit " The mindfulness crisis and the end of Consensus Buddhism
...
Secular “mindfulness” courses, promoted as stress-reduction treatments, have become more popular than Buddhism. A meditation method based on modern vipassana is their core.
Many Buddhists have strong mixed feelings about this. On the one hand, it’s great that so many more people are experiencing the benefits of Buddhist-style meditation. On the other hand, “mindfulness” seems like weaksauce kitsch; it’s missing most of what’s important about Buddhism. There’s a worry that if Buddhism is “unbundled,” with its most attractive part available separately, it will disintegrate,1 and critical aspects of the whole will be lost. And isn’t the whole greater than the sum of its parts?

But… what is the important rest of Buddhism?
That’s a genuinely difficult, important question. I wrote about it in a post three years ago that foreshadows this one.
As I wrote that, Consensus Buddhism was organizing a political consensus that ethics is what makes it different from, and better than, secular mindfulness. promoted and argued this in dozens of blog posts, mainstream media op-ed pieces, and pseudo-academic journals. (3)

 [Chapman verwijst o.a. naar het artikel
  Clearing the Muddled Path of Traditional and Contemporary Mindfulness; Joop R.]

I asked: Is there any significant point on which American “Buddhist ethics” and mainstream American secular liberal ethics disagree?
My last several posts have explained why the answer is no. “Buddhist ethics” has nothing to do with Buddhism; it just is mainstream American leftist ethics. People who want that can get it elsewhere with less hassle, just as people who want meditation can get it elsewhere with less hassle.
So if Buddhism = mindfulness + ethics, there’s nothing left of Buddhism. It’s over.
...
"

Bron: Meaningness 7 okt.

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Bijlage 4

Inhoudsopgave en eerste pagina's uit
The Art and Skill of Buddhist Meditation: Mindfulness, Concentration, and Insight
door Richard Shankman

zaterdag 10 oktober 2015

Het boeddhisme voorbij? Batchelor's After Buddhism Over het opnieuw doordenken van de dharma

Begin oktober (hoewel pas voor de 27e aangekondigd!) is een nieuw boek van
Stephen Batchelor uitgekomen:
After Buddhism: Rethinking the Dharma for a Secular Age

Uitgever: Yale University Press
Te koop via onder andere  Amazon.com  of  Bol.com

Een eerste samenvatting en bespreking ervan is verschenen in de website van de Secular Buddhist Association. Zie bijlage 1 waarin ik deze (ingekort en deels vertaald) heb opgenomen.

Een andere recensie verscheen op de website van Schettini: thenakedmonk.com  
Deze ex-Tibetaanse monnik (tegelijk met Batchelor) vat het revolutionaire denken van Batchelor als volgt samen:  "He is of the opinion that the Buddha didn’t teach any doctrine at all; merely a way to let go of reactivity—though that’s hardly trivial. Reactivity is our animal mode; to transcend it may be the most pragmatic enlightenment possible. "

Mijn eerste indruk na deels lezen en bladeren:
Z'n stijl maakt het een plezier om te lezen, maar er zit tegelijk veel informatie in.
Het is persoonlijk èn overstijgend, speculatief èn integer.
Interessant vind ik zijn 'Ten Theses of Secular Dharma ' op pag 321-322.
Een - ik durf de term bijna niet te gebruiken - soort geloofsbelijdenis.
Ik vertaal de eerste en de zevende:

 1. Een seculier boeddhist is iemand die toegewijd is aan de
    beoefening van de dharma in het belang van uitsluitend deze wereld.

 7. De gemeenschap van beoefenaren wordt gevormd door autonome personen
    die elkaar wederzijds ondersteunen in het cultiveren van hun paden.
    In dit netwerk van gelijkgezinde individuen, respecteren de leden de
    gelijkheid van alle leden, tegelijkertijd de specifieke kennis
    en expertise honorerend die iedere persoon met zich mee brengt.


Stephen noemt zich nu gewoon atheïstisch boeddhist, eerder gebruikte hij de term 'agnostisch' en nu ook wel 'seculier'; maar volgens mij zijn de verschillen tussen die woorden alleen 'skilful means' ten opzichte van 'gelovige boeddhisten' (in karma over meerdere levens en wedergeboorte).

Wat me wel opvalt is dit:
Destijds was hij in het Tibetaans boeddhisme, jaren lang als monnik; daar is hij met behoud van een aantal zaken los van gekomen. Toen ging hij naar Korea waar hij in een klosster intensief jarenlang de Koreaanse Zen beoefende, ook daar kwam hij los van, opnieuw met behoud van een paar elementen.

Z'n volgende fase was de onderdompeling in het vroege boeddhisme met haar Pali Canon; merkwaardig genoeg lijkt hij daar nu niet los van te komen.
Wat dat betreft is hij nog niet  'Na het Boeddhisme', hoewel de titel van z'n boek zo luidt.
Hij creëert (construeert) stap voor stap een Westers boeddhisme dat mij zeer aanspreekt, met losjes daarin enige elementen van het Tibetaans en Koreaan boeddhisme; maar het belang dat hij bijvoorbeeld hecht aan een aantal Sutta's en het boek van Rockhill (alsof die iets moeten rechtvaardigen) kan m.i. niet het eindstadium van deze constructie zijn. 'After' is geen 'beyond'

Stephen komt met zijn vrouw Martine Batchelor van 23 t/m 29 oktober naar Nederland om een retraite te geven waarvan de dhamma-talks ongetwijfeld over zijn boek gaan.
Misschien ook over ethiek naar aanleiding van de actualiteit in Nederland (het misbruik van Mettavihari èn het zwijgen daarover).
Zie de  informatie op de website van de SIM  hierover.

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Nog twee opmerkingen terzijde

Wie op een beetje niveau tegenwoordig het boeddhisme wil beoefenen, is aangewezen op Engelse teksten. Dat is jammer, ik lees ook makkelijker in het Nederlands, maar langzamerhand niet meer onoverkomelijk: ook voor werk en studie is beheersing van het Engels steeds meer nodig.

Het boek dat die ik hier bespreek, zou vroeger waarschijnlijk binnen een jaar in het Nederlands vertaald zijn. Datzelfde geldt een binnenkort verschijnend boek van Leigh Brasington (leerling van Ayya Khema) en een nieuw van Richard Shankman. Nu is er wel de wens van Milinda, Brasington eind volgend jaar (of later) uit te geven, maar zeker is dat niet. Ook een aantal van de boeken van Batchelor zijn in het verleden door Asoka/Milinda uitgegeven, maar financieel lijkt dat nu bijna onmogelijk.

We moeten onder ogen zien dat het hoogtepunt van het
boeddhisme in Nederland inmiddels achter ons ligt.

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Deze tekst gaat over boeken, over de vreugde en nut van het lezen van (moeilijke) teksten.
Het anti-intellectualisme in het Nederlandse boeddhisme groeit.
Dharma-studie hoort m.i. wezenlijk ook bij de beoefening, het kunnen denken is één van de (weinige) faculteiten die de mens van het dier onderscheidt. Vgl deze link naar het Sati Journal
Dus weg met uitspraken (in het BD ) als:
"... maken korte metten met boekenwijsheid en bieden een alternatief voor het traditionele boeddhistische pad van levenslang of zelfs levens lang studeren en praktiseren.
... niet als een filosoof uit een ivoren toren, niet als een schriftgeleerde met een griffel, niet als een predikant van de kansel, maar als een jongen van de straat ... recht voor zijn raap, zonder kapsones, grappig op het vulgaire af, en nooit mis te verstaan. Van hart tot hart, zou de zenboeddhist zeggen.
"
Om het ook maar eens 'recht voor de raap' te zeggen: dit is het cultiveren van domheid.

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Bijlage

Stephen Batchelor's NA HET BOEDDHISME : een recensie (door Carl Hultman)

[Licht ingekorte vertaling van mij, Batchelor-citaten erin heb ik onvertaald gelaten.
Wat betreft de vertaling van de titel:  'Na Boeddhisme '  is geen fraai Nederlands, maar
  'Na het Boeddhisme '  is eigenlijk te bepaald.  Joop R ]


" ... Het was 2010 toen z'n 'Bekentenis van een Boeddhistisch Atheïst ' werd gepubliceerd; wat kunnen we verwachten te vinden in zijn nieuwe werk?

What I seek to provide in this book is a philosophical, ethical, historical, and cultural framework for mindfulness and other such practices, which are rooted in the earliest canonical sources but articulated here afresh (5).

Het is zijn frisse brengen van de dharma dat ofwel lezers uitdaagt ofwel hen intrigeert. Batchelor wordt door sommige boeddhisten gezien als een ketter, terwijl sommigen hem zelfs niet als een ​​boeddhist beschouwen. Andere critici respecteren zijn werk, maar denken dat hij misleid is; en toch waarderen velen hem als een bevlogen leraar en een visionair.

Het boek heeft – net als zijn vorige - een mild provocerend titel. Waar wil hij naar toe met deze 'After Buddhism'? "Boeddhisme" is een relatief moderne Westerse term die verwijst naar de verschillende culturen die zijn ontwikkeld rond het onderzoek en de praktijk van de leer toegeschreven aan de in de vijfde eeuw voor Christus levende Indiase wijsgeer, genaamd Siddhartha Gotama . Het zijn deze verschillende culturen die Batchelor terzijde wil schuiven; niet omdat hij ze als onjuist beoordeelt, maar omdat hij er niet mee in contact kan komen als een kind van de moderniteit. Wat hij hoopt is dat wat hij 'een cultuur van het ontwaken' ('a culture of awakening ') noemt, die de energie krijgt om zich te ontwikkelen. Hij maakt in zijn voorwoord duidelijk dat het niet de Boeddha-dharma (de studie en de praktijk van de leer) is die hij terzijde schuift:
This book is an attempt to synthesize an understanding of Buddhism . . . [with] a steady focus on a single question: What does it mean to practice the dharma of the Buddha in the context of modernity (ix)?

Die vraag heeft evenveel antwoorden als er boeddhistische geleerden en leraren zijn; en elk antwoord hangt af van interpretaties van [de concepten] "om de dharma te beoefenen" en "de context van de moderniteit." Veel conventionele interpretaties zullen worden uitgedaagd als we ontdekken of het antwoord van de auteur ons al dan niet overtuigend voorkomt.

Een eerste uitdaging is, dat ondanks het feit dat hij een uitgesproken atheïst is, Batchelor de beoefening van de dharma als een religieuze praktijk ziet, terwijl het tegelijkiertijd seculier van aard is. Sommigen vinden dit idee van een "seculiere religie" tegenstrijdig. De auteur erkent deze contradictie in termen en legt uit:

One can be religious in the sense of being motivated by ultimate concerns, without ever engaging in any overtly religious behavior, just as one can be religious in the conventional sense merely out of habit or custom, without being driven by an ultimate concern (15).
A secular approach to Buddhism is thus concerned with how the dharma can enable humans and other living beings to flourish in this biosphere, not in a hypothetical afterlife. Rather than emphasizing personal enlightenment and liberation, it is grounded in a deeply felt concern and compassion for the suffering of all those with whom we share this earth
(16).
My concern, therefore, is as much about imagining a Buddhist secularity as about imagining a secular Buddhism
(20).

Dan zijn er zijn deconstructies van verschillende "klassieke" interpretaties van de dharma. De belangrijkste hiervan zou zijn weigering om de dharma te zien als een verzameling van metafysische waarheidsclaims waarin men dient te geloven. Hij beschouwt de Boeddha's leer als taakgericht, een reeks taken die moeten worden volbracht. Dus de "Vier Edele Waarheden" worden tot een "viervoudige taak." Het "Ongeconditioneerde" wordt het werk van de "ongeconditioneerde worden door" hebzucht, woede en onwetendheid.

Het boek telt elf hoofdstukken met elk zes tot negen paragrafen, en, vergelijkbaar met de structuur van zijn vorige boek, 'Bekentenis van een BoeddhistischAtheïst', wisselen ook dit boek de hoofdstukken tussen twee verhaal-lijnen: de interpretatie van de dharma en de historische context.

Hoofdstuk 1 is de achtergrond van de ontwikkeling van de auteur en zijn oriëntatie als student en docent van de dharma. Hij beschrijft zijn langzaam gegroeide benadering van de vroege leringen als volgt:
[giving] central importance to those teachings in Gotama’s dharma that cannot be derived from the worldview of fifth century BCE India (26).
[which] leaves us with four central ideas that do not appear to have direct precedents in Indian tradition. I call them the “four P’s”:
the principle of conditionality
the practice of a fourfold task
the perspective of mindful awareness
the power of self-reliance
(27).

De volgende vijf hoofdstukken zijn een poging tot een codificatie van Batchelor's interpretatie van de leringen van de vroege teksten die zijn ontstaan ​​over zijn vele jaren van studie en beoefening. Hier brengt hij die leringen tot leven die hij fundamenteel acht voor een ​​seculiere benadering van de dharma; en langs deze weg deconstrueert een aantal van de reeds lang bestaande interpretaties die hij in strijd acht met een dergelijke benadering.

Hoofdstuk 3, 'Een Viervoudige Taak' (A Fourfold Task ) is dan zijn interpretatie van de eerste leerrede van de Boeddha's, het 'Draaien van het Wiel van Dharma'.
Hoofdstuk 5 wordt 'Loslaten van de Waarheid' (Letting Go of Truth ) en deconstrueert de begrippen van de Waarheid met een hoofdletter W en het Onvoorwaardelijke met een hoofdletter O, en de redenen van hoe zij in de leer zijn opgenomen.
Hoofdstuk 7 is "Ervaring" (Experience ) en verkent pragmatische aanpak van de Boeddha in het omgaan met onze fenomenologische ervaring en zijn vermijden van metafysische vraagstukken.
Hoofdstuk 9 is "Het Alledaagse Sublieme" (The Everyday Sublime ), dat kijkt naar de manier waarop het mystieke onze dagelijkse ervaring niet overstijgt, maar juist is ingebed in die zeer ervaren en hoe de beoefening van mindfulness en [andere vormen van] meditatie betrekking hebben op die ervaring.
Hoofdstuk 11 is "Een Cultuur van Ontwaken" (A Culture of Awakening ) waarin ook de ideeën van vorige levens, karma en wedergeboorte worden gedeconstrueerd; en waarin hij vervolgens een overzicht geeft van wat een seculiere Boeddha, Dharma, Sangha eruit zouden kunnen zien.
Dit hoofdstuk eindigt met een lijst van de tien stellingen van Seculiere Dharma.

De andere verhaal-lijn ontwikkelt verder de historische context in de tijd en plaats waarin de Boeddha leefde waarmee Batchelor een begin maakte in zijn vorige boek, de 'Bekentenis'.
Focusing on the dramatic episodes scattered through the canon that recount Gotama’s often-fraught dealings with his contemporaries allows his humanity to emerge with more clarity than if we concentrate on abstractions (28).

De hoofdstukken 2, 4, 6, 8 en 10 bevatten de Boeddha 's interactie met vijf van die tijdgenoten, het zijn Mahanama, de Boeddha's neef die de leider van hun Sakiya clan wordt; Pasenadi, de koning van Kosala; Sunakhatta, een monnik die de Boeddha en zijn leer verwerpt en disrobes; Jivaka, een hofarts en Ananda, de begeleider van de Boeddha.
Opvallwend is dat Mahanama, Pasenadi en Jivika leken-beoefenaren waren in plaats van bedelmonniken (monniken) zoals Ananda en Sunakhatta.

Bij het trachten historische gebeurtenissen en hun context uit de vijfde eeuw BCE van het NO van India te reconstrueren, nodigt de fragmentarische aard van de informatie uit tot speculaties en gissingen. Van tijd tot tijd extrapoleert Batchelor op deze wijze waarschijnlijke scenario's van een aantal van deze historische fragmenten om extra context te geven aan zijn interpretatie van de leer. Deze zijn weliswaar voorlopige, en ik beschouw hen als 'onderbouwde speculaties' ; nuttig als ze zijn, lijken ze toch af en toe uitgerekt en een beetje dun. De auteur doet wat hij kan met de informatie die beschikbaar is en hij voegt een door hem gevonden secundaire bron toe aan de bronnen in de Pali Canon:

I have based the core narrative of the life of Gotama on the account in the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivada school as preserved in Tibetan and translated by W. Woodville Rockhill in 1884. My previous book Confession of a Buddhist Atheist (2010) reconstructed the story of the Buddha’s life entirely on the basis of Pali sources. The version presented by Rockhill differs in a number of details, but the story is essentially the same. Since these two textual traditions were preserved at opposite ends of the Indian subcontinent, and since their preservers had no contact with each other for centuries, both texts were presumably based on an earlier version that was probably extant until the time of Emperor Asoka (304–232 BCE), who was born only a century or so after the death of the Buddha (x). ...

Tot slot, het boek eindigt met een 'Nawoord' dat een ander historisch geïnformeerde speculatie bevat over mogelijke ontwikkelingen in India in de eeuwen na de dood van de Boeddha. Batchelor kijkt vervolgens naar het contact van het Boeddhisme met het Westen vanaf de zeventiende eeuw tot heden. Na de Nawoord is een sectie van 'Selected Discourses' van de Pali Canon in de eigen vertaling van de auteur.

De Boeddha onderwees vijfenveertig jaar aan een verscheidenheid van mensen. Zijn leringen werden gememoriseerd en mondeling doorgegeven. Het nam meer dan vier eeuwen voordat ze werden opgeschreven. Gedurende deze tijd werden ze bewerkt, uitgebreid, gecondenseerd en gecombineerd. Op deze manier vinden we een verscheidenheid aan stemmen in de vroege leer. De auteur onderscheidt er zes: poëtische stemmen, dramatische stemmen, sceptische stemmen, pragmatische stemmen, dogmatisch stemmen, en mythische stemmen. Hij heeft niet het gevoel dat deze stemmen persé met elkaar in tegenspraak zijn, maar het is niet moeilijk om teksten te vinden die dat wel doen. Iedereen die de dharma bestudeert moet kiezen welke leringen hem of haar aanspreken. De meeste boeddhistische scholen hebben hun eigen keuzes gemaakt. Stephen Batchelor wordt soms beschuldigd van cherry picking [krenten uit de pap halen] van de leerredes; maar is dat niet wat vereist is om een ​​consistentie in ze te vinden? Ik vind zijn keuzes en interpretaties een consistente leer geven die mij diep aanspreekt.

Ik voel dat Stephen Batchelor een uitgebreid en samenhangend antwoord op zijn leidende vraag heeft gegeven, en een die ik van dwingende aard acht. Zelfs degenen die zijn goed bekend met zijn meest recente geschriften en lezingen zijn, zullen nieuwe wegen en extra diepte in 'Na het Boeddhisme' ontdekken. Met de toevoeging van de historische stukken die de context vormen voor de interpretaties van de auteur, is deze visie ['understanding'] van de dharma gepresenteerd als een volledig coherent stuk, zeer welkom. Of u bekend bent met zijn werk bent of niet, of eens bent met zijn visie of niet, dit boek is een belangrijke bijdrage aan de studie van de historische Boeddha, en verdient serieuze aandacht want het is een goed onderbouwde, hoewel onorthodoxe, interpretatie van de leringen gevonden in vroege boeddhistische teksten die deel uitmaken van de dharma van de Boeddha. "

Bron: SecularBuddhism 1 okt.

woensdag 1 juli 2015

Boeddhist-Islam-omgang; BIJLAGEN

Vooraf: deze bijlagen bij een blogtekst van me publiceer ik eerder dan de tekst zelf.
De reden van deze volgorde is dat naderhand de volgorde goed komt, omdat nieuwe teksten boven eerder gepubliceerde teksten staan.
De tekst zelf, 'Hoe gaat een boeddhist met de Islam om? Niet dus - Of toch ? Een poging houvast te zoeken in de literatuur over de verhouding Islam-Boeddhisme ', is  hier  te vinden.

De bijlagen zijn allemaal Engelstalig; ik heb geen gezaghebbende Nederlandstalige teksten gevonden; ook geen niet-gezaghebbende teksten trouwens.
De volgorde is die waarin ik deze bronnen heb 'ontdekt', vrij willekeurig dus.
Voor zover ik heb kunnen nagaan, zijn deze teksten vrij van copyrights.

Overzicht van de bijlagen

Bijlage 1  Passages uit het werk van Alexander Berzin over de relatie Boeddhisme - Islam
               1 A     Current Buddhist-Islamic Interaction
               1 B     Uit: 'Is There a Common Ground between Buddhism and Islam?'
Bijlage 2  The Premises and Promises of the Buddhist-Muslim Dialogue  door  Mohammad Selim
Bijlage 3  Uit   'COMMON GROUND   Between Islam & Buddhism '
Bijlage 4  The Buddhist Face of Peace:
                 Buddhist Peace Initiatives in Times of Religious Intolerance
Bijlage 5  Buddhism vs Islam – Een vergelijking tussen de twee religies

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Bijlage 1

Passages uit het werk van Alexander Berzin over de relatie Boeddhisme - Islam
Hier het   Overzicht van alle artikelen van Berzin

Bijlage 1 A     Current Buddhist-Islamic Interaction

At present, there are seven major regions in which Buddhist and Muslim populations are living either together, or in close proximity, and interacting with each other. These are in Tibet, Ladakh, southern Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma/Myanmar, and Bangladesh. In each of the seven, however, the interaction between the two groups is influenced primarily by economic and political factors, rather than by their religious beliefs.

Tibet
Relations between the native Tibetan Buddhist population and the centuries-old Kashmiri Muslim settler community have continued to be harmonious, based on the policies of the Fifth Dalai Lama. In current days, the members of this Muslim community are fully accepted as Tibetans by the other Tibetan groups, both inside and outside Tibet, and they continue to play an integral role in Tibetan society in exile in India.

On the other hand, there have been significant problems in the relations between the Tibetan Buddhists and the Chinese Hui Muslims. These two groups have lived side by side for many centuries in the traditional northeastern Tibetan region of Amdo, currently divided between Qinghai and Gansu provinces of the Peoples’ Republic of China. Although, at times, Hui warlords have exercised strong control over parts of this region, the Buddhists and Muslims living there had worked out a modus vivendi. In the last decades, however, the PRC Government has promoted Tibet as the land of economic opportunities. Consequently, Hui merchants have moved in significant numbers into traditional Tibetan regions, not only in Amdo, but also in Central Tibet (the Tibetan Autonomous Region). The local Tibetans view these new arrivals as foreign competitors and thus there is a great deal of resentment.

Both the Buddhist and Muslim groups living in the traditional Tibetan regions within the PRC face serious restrictions on the practice of their religions. Especially in Central Tibet, the lay communities have almost no access to religious instruction. Thus, the confrontations that arise between the two groups are not based on religious differences. The problem is not that the new settlers are Muslims, but that they are Chinese and are threatening the economic welfare of the native population. Religious dialogue and cooperation are extremely difficult in the current situation, when the PRC authorities encourage and exploit cultural differences in order to maintain control.

Ladakh
Ladakh, with its Tibetan Buddhist population, is currently part of the Indian state of Kashmir and Jammu. The attention of the Ladakhis’ Muslim neighbors in the Kashmiri part of the state is focused primarily on the Hindu-Muslim political conflict concerning whether to join Pakistan, remain within India, or become an independent state. Moreover, the traditional trade route between Kashmir and Tibet, through Ladakh, is closed due to Chinese Communist control of Tibet. Thus, the Kashmiri Muslim traders no longer have contact with the Buddhist community in Tibet, or even with the growing Muslim community there.
Conflict between the Buddhists and Muslims in Ladakh is fueled mostly by competition for developmental aid. With the living Buddhist tradition no longer viable in Tibet, Western tourists flock to Ladakh to witness Tibetan Buddhism practiced in a traditional setting. Developmental projects, sponsored by Indian and international agencies, have followed in the wake of growing tourist traffic. With the situation so volatile in the Kashmiri part of the state, far less attention has been paid to developmental projects there. Naturally, many Kashmiri Muslims are resentful of the aid projects that go to Ladakh. People do not seem to feel that Buddhist-Muslim interfaith dialogue can play any significant role in finding a solution to this problem.

Southern Thailand
Southern Thailand has primarily a Muslim population, which has more in common with the Muslims of Malaysia than it does with the Buddhist population of the rest of Thailand. The conflicts there concern the Muslim’s wish for greater political autonomy. Religious issues seem to be irrelevant.

Burma/Myanmar
One-third of the population in Northern Rakhine State in Arakan, Burma/Myanmar, is Muslim, while the rest is Buddhist. The two groups are of different ethnic origin and speak different languages. Between 1991 and 1992, a quarter of a million of these Muslims, known as Rohingyas, fled as refugees to Bangladesh. They fled, however, because of government discrimination and oppression. The military government, which officially promotes and associates itself with Buddhism, considers the Muslim population as foreign residents. Consequently, they deny them citizenship, restrict their movement, and limit their educational and professional opportunities. In 1995, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees assisted with the voluntary repatriation of 94% of these Muslim refugees. They are still receiving humanitarian aid and only slowly are some of them being issued government identity documents. Anti-Muslim riots at the hands of Buddhists, however, still occur. The Muslims allege that they are instigated and supported by the government. Much of the tension between the two religious and ethnic groups, however, stems from the preferential treatment given to non-Buddhists under British colonial rule. The present military government’s preferential treatment of Buddhists may be seen as a reaction to this. Without a change of government policy, it seems unlikely that settlement of Buddhist-Muslim tensions in Burma/Myanmar can be settled by religious dialogue alone.

Bangladesh
One percent of the population is Buddhist, while the vast majority is Muslim. The Buddhists live primarily in Chittagong District and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. In 1988, an amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh was passed proclaiming an “Islamic way of life” for the country. Since then, the tension between the religious and secular factions within the government has increased. This has been greatly exacerbated, however, since 2001, with the “War on Terror.” The American invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq have fueled Bangladeshi Islamic fundamentalism and this has led to heightened persecution of non-Muslim minorities, including the Buddhists.

Malaysia and Indonesia

Malaysia and Indonesia both have majority Muslim native populations, interspersed with minority Buddhist communities, consisting mostly of overseas Chinese and some South East Asians. The Muslim and Buddhist groups keep strictly to their own religious traditions. In fact, in Malaysia, ethnic Malays are forbidden, by severe laws, to convert from Islam to Buddhism, or even to attend a Buddhist teaching or ceremony. The main conflicts between the groups in each country, however, seem to derive from economic competition.

Opmerking: aan de lijst van landen met een moeizame (understatement) interactie tussen boeddhisten en moslims moet sindfs een paar jaar Sri Lanka worden toegevoegd. Ook weer - oh schande - een overwegend Theravada land.


Bijlage 1 B     Uit: 'Is There a Common Ground between Buddhism and Islam?'

The Historical Muslim Approach toward Buddhism


Now, let’s look more specifically at Buddhism and Islam. Concerning Islam, in addition to my own research on the topic, I have also drawn from a book written by Reza Shah Kazemi called Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism, with forewards by His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan. I have especially drawn relevant quotations from the Quran from Dr. Kazemi’s work.
Historically, both the Muslims and the Buddhists (and here let’s limit ourselves to the Indo-Tibetan forms of Buddhism), have adopted an inclusivist approach. The Muslims, for example, included Buddhists as People of the Book, the same as Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians. How did this come about?
During the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE), the Arabs spread their rule and their religion, Islam, throughout the Middle East. Thus, at the beginning of the eighth century, the Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the predominantly Buddhist region of Sind, in present-day southern Pakistan. The Buddhists and Hindus of Brahmanabad, one of its major cities, requested that they be allowed to rebuild their temples and maintain religious freedom. General Qasim consulted with the governor, Hajjaj bin Yusuf, who in turn consulted the Muslim clerics. The religious clerics, in what became known as the “Brahmanabad settlement,” declared Buddhists (Hindus too) as People of the Book.
The Umayyad governor Hajjaj decreed: “The request of the chiefs of Brahmanabad about the building of Buddhist and other temples, and toleration in religious matters, is just and reasonable. I do not see what further rights we can have over them beyond the usual tax. They have paid homage to us and have undertaken to pay the fixed tributary poll tax (Ar. jizya) to the Caliph. Because they have become protected subjects (Ar. dhimmi), we have no right whatsoever to interfere in their lives and property. Do permit them to follow their own religion. No one should prevent them.”
Subsequently, the Buddhists were allowed to rebuild their temples and monasteries, and were granted the status of non-Muslim protected subjects, as long as they paid the tributary poll tax. The Umayyad Caliphs and later the Abbasid Caliphs ruling from Baghdad (750 – 1258 CE) and subsequent Muslim rulers of India held in principle this same policy, although, of course, it was not always followed by all rulers or generals. Nevertheless, the implication of this ruling is that Buddhism was not analogous to the pagan polytheistic religions, whose followers were not granted such privileges.
Now, you could argue that granting Buddhists legal recognition was more political than theological, stemming more from pragmatism than subtle philosophical analysis. This was probably so. After allowing the rebuilding of the Buddhist and Hindu temples, the Arab governors taxed the pilgrims who came to worship at them. But nevertheless, the scholars of Islam did not, and still do not regard this “pragmatic” policy as violating or compromising any fundamental theological principle of Islam. The implication of granting Buddhists legal recognition, political protection and religious tolerance is that the spiritual path and moral code of the Buddhist faith derive from a higher authority, namely an authentic revelation of God.
What was the basis for declaring the Buddhists as People of the Book? Was it merely on the basis of shared customs of worship? For example, in the beginning of the eighth century, the Iranian historian al-Kermani wrote a detailed account of Nava Vihara Monastery in Balkh Afghanistan and described some of the Buddhist customs in terms of analogies in Islam. He described the main temple as having a stone cube in the center, draped with cloth, and devotees as circumambulating it and making prostration, as is the case with the Kaaba in Mecca. He did not, however, discuss any of the Buddhist beliefs.
So is there a doctrinal basis for declaring Buddhists as People of the Book? This is an important question since, if Buddhists are recognized as being People of the Book, then they are implicitly to be included in the spectrum of “saved” communities, as expressed in the following verse from the Quran (2:62): “Truly those who believe and those who are Jews, and the Christians and the Sabeans – whoever believes in God and the Last Day and performs virtuous acts – for such, their reward is with their Lord. No fear or suffering will befall them.”
This indicates the common ground between Buddhism and Islam according to the Quran – belief in God and the Last Day of Judgment and in performing virtuous, constructive acts. Even if the views are not the same, Islam regards them as at least similar enough to be compatible. As it says in the Quran (2:137): “And if they believe in the like of that in which you believe, then they are rightly guided.” This approach, then, is clearly inclusivist. Buddhists too will reach the salvation taught in Islam, because they follow similar views.
The question is what are the boundaries of what can be included in the concepts of God, a religion revealed by God, the Last Day of Judgment, the oneness of the truth, and so on? On both the Muslim and Buddhist sides, there have been some clerics who make the definitions of these quite strict. But some have left them quite flexible as well.

The Historical Buddhist Approach toward Islam

Before we explore the boundaries of these concepts, let us look first at the historical approach of the Buddhists toward Islam. The singular Buddhist textual tradition that mentions any Islamic customs or beliefs is the Sanskrit Kalachakra Tantra literature, which emerged in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries CE, most likely in the area of southeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.
…..
The common ground, here, between Buddhism and the Buddhist understanding of Islam is rebirth in heaven and hell based on one’s ethical behavior. It is interesting, concerning these passages, that the Kalachakra texts do not comment on the assertion of a creator, nor on the role of the creator in determining the afterlife based on whether or not a person pleases him. On that last point, by the way, concerning Allah’s judgment based on whether or not someone pleases him, the Buddhist presentation is not fair. According to a hadith (accounts of Muhammad), Allah said, “O My servants, it is but your deeds that I reckon up for you and then recompense you for.”
In any case, the Kalachakra texts focus merely on the nature of the afterlife and the effect on it by a person’s deeds in this life in general. In discussing the issue in this way, the texts reveal an inclusivist approach in identifying the invaders’ assertion of an eternal rebirth as a faulty view that is explained more correctly in Buddhism. ...


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Bijlage 2

The Premises and Promises of the Buddhist-Muslim Dialogue  door  Mohammad Selim

Hiervan deel I, III en IV

The concept of inter-faith dialogue refers to cooperative and positive interaction between people of different religious traditions (i.e., “faiths”) and spiritual beliefs, at both the individual and institutional level with the aim of deriving common grounds through a concentration on similarities between faiths, understanding of values, and commitment to the world. In reality, inter-faith dialogue was restricted to “divine religions,” Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These religions have in common the claim they are the word of God, and appeared in West Asia. They are distinct from other faiths, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Sikhism, and Hinduism, which do not have divine claims and mostly appeared and flourished in South, Central, and Eastern Asia. Further, divine religions do not recognize non-divine ones. Islam only recognizes “the Peoples of the Book” as the only religious groups that Muslims could deal although other divine religions do not recognize Islam. Throughout history divine religions interacted with each other, and nondivine ones did the same with some exceptions when Islam spread into Central and Southern Asia. Japan was a model of this phenomenon, as it became a crucible for most non-divine religions and the other divine religions never made breakthroughs into Japan.
However, recently, such gap has been bridged through various models of inter-faith dialogues involving divine and non-divine faiths, the most important of which was the Buddhist-Muslim dialogues. In this presentation, we will review the historical interactions between Islam and Buddhism, the genesis of dialogue models in recent history with emphasis on dialogue between Japanese Buddhism and Islam, and finally we will focus on the case of the dialogue between Daisaku Ikeda and Majid Tehranian as exemplified in their book, Global Civilization, an Islamic- Buddhist Dialogue.

(I)  Historical Contacts between Buddhism and Islam

The first contacts between Buddhism and Islam occurred in Central Asia in the mid-seventh century. As Islam reached that part of the world during the reign of the Umayyad dynasty, Muslims began to realize the existence of Buddhism. Al-Kermani, a Muslim jurist, wrote about the Buddhist traditions in the city of Balkh, which is in today’s Afghanistan, and compared them with Islam. During the Abbasside dynasty, the Caliph Al-Madhi, invited Buddhist scholars to Baghdad to translate some of their books into Arabic, including the book entitled, the Book of the Buddha. Ibn al-Nadim, who lived in the ninth century, wrote praising the Buddhist practices at his time. Also, when Mahmud of Gazni invaded India in the early eleventh century, the Persian historian Al- Biruni accompanied him and wrote a book entitled the Book of India, in which he described Buddhist customs in India. Finally, in the fourteenth century when the Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan converted to Islam, he commissioned his minister Rashid al-Din al-Hamadhani (1247–1318), write a Universal History (Jami al-Tawarikh) which included a description of Buddhist beliefs written in cooperation with a Buddhist monk).
From the Buddhist side, there was little interest in communicating with Islam. Buddhists showed interest mainly in religions which were well established in their own regions, and little interest in religions which were trying to spread into regions in which Buddhism was the main belief system. Perhaps one of the few references to Islam in Buddhist literature was in the Kalachakra Tantra literature, which emerged in the tenth century. It referred to the beliefs of the Muslims in the context of the Buddhist-Hindu quest to preserve their religious identity in front of a Muslim expansion. The Kalachakra Tantra literature also highlighted points in common between Islam and Buddhism such as how souls bear responsibility for their actions.
The second encounter took place in South Asia and occurred between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries. Contrary to the widely-held beliefs, Muslim rulers of India co-existed with Buddhism. At the same time period, the third Muslim-Buddhist encounter occurred, but this time in Southeast Asia. In that part of the world, Muslim developed Sufi versions of Islam, which was mostly mystical and somehow compatible with Buddhist beliefs.
It was not until the mid nineteenth century that the Mongolian novelist Injannashi wrote about some common features between Islam and Buddhism such as the common interest in “goodness.”
In contemporary times, these trends continued. Buddhism initiated dialogues with Christianity and Judaism as it spread in areas dominated by their two religions. As Buddhism made no advances in Muslim-dominated areas, there was no dialogue with Islam.
….

(III)  The Need for a Muslim-Buddhist Dialogue and Its Problematics

Most Muslims and Buddhists came a long way from the historical legacy of non-recognition by the Muslims or marginalization by the Buddhists.
….
Four major factors encourage and reinforce Muslim-Buddhist dialogue and promote its chances of achieving positive results. These are the positive past record of Muslim-Buddhist relations, the potential of a Muslim-Buddhist conflict in some areas in Southeast and South Asia, and the relatively similar sensitivity of the Muslims and the Buddhists to the Western cultural offensive in the post Cold War era. First of all, there is no past imperialist historical legacy between the Muslims and Buddhists as the case between European Christianity and Islam especially during the Crusades. Secondly, a Buddhist-Muslim dialogue is also needed to avoid potential clashes between groups belonging to the two faiths in such areas as Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, and Kashmir, where the two groups co-exist. For example, in Myanmar there is an ethnic conflict between the Buddhists and the Rohingye Muslims in Northern Rokhine State, Arakan. The tension is an outcome of the resentment of Buddhists against Muslims living among them which led to the immigration of some Muslim communities to neighboring Bangladesh. The third main factor which necessitates Muslim-Buddhist dialogue is that the main cultural Islamic and Asian values of the Asians and the Muslims respectively are being subjected to encroachments from the West. The objective is to universalize Western values. Being subjected to similar external pressures, it is in the interest of the Muslims and the Buddhists to embark on a dialogue whose main objective is to safeguard their cultural values and prove their relevance to the new issues in the twenty first century.

However, Muslim-Buddhist dialogue is not without certain problematics.
First of all, dialogues are a long-term process which produces results only in the long run. This tends to create frustrations which could lead the dialoguers to give up the process as its outcomes are not immediately visible. Second, Muslims and Buddhists are not homogenous groups. There are multiple versions of Muslim beliefs, and different versions of Buddhism. Further, Islam recognizes only “divine” religions, Judaism and Christianity, and emphasized upon monotheism. In a survey of Japanese and non-Japanese Muslims, it was found that whereas Japanese Muslims do not accept the Buddha as a prophet since he did not teach monotheism, non-Japanese Muslims did acknowledge Buddha as a Prophet. Such discrepancy was attributed to the lack if intensive interactions between Muslims and Buddhists in Japan. The images of some Muslims of Buddhism are in fact an outcome of the lack interactions between the two sides, rather than an outcome of some doctrinal beliefs13. In fact, one must acknowledge that most Muslims outside Eastern Asia know little about Buddhism, and they need to be better informed about it to comprehend its common grounds with Islam. These problematics call for a creative approach to deal with Muslim-Buddhist dialogues. The main element of this approach is mutual encounters and the transmission of knowledge between both sides.

(IV)  Pre-requisites for an Effective Dialogue between Islam and Buddhism

The complexity and multi-dimensionality of the problematics of Muslim-Buddhist dialogue just outlined call for a new approach to that dialogue. The dialogue is likely to develop and prosper, if it is based on five major pillars.

(i) The Pursuit of a Truly Multi-Cultural Dialogue:
Multiculturalism refers to the appreciation of the diversity of all cultures by all the actors. It includes various elements such as (I) the prevalence of a non-hierarchical paradigm of cultures so as all cultures are considered equal in value and importance, (ii) engagement in a genuine dialogue between the co-existing cultures based upon exchange of ideas and skills, (iii) the pursuit of an anti-racist strategy; and (iv) the participation of all the cultural groups in the institutions of cultural dialogue. Multi-culturalism essentially means acknowledging and respecting cultural differences and acting to establish channels of communication between faiths. This does not exclude the existence of common universal values, which cut across all faiths. However, the meaning and operational application of these values differ from one faith to the other .
In the context of the Buddhist-Muslim dialogue, the notion of Buddha-Nature, which describe the potential of human beings to becomefully enlightened as well as the reality of the universe from a Mahayana Buddhist perspective, should be integrated into the dialogue, along with the notion of Mohammadan Reality as “the Perfect Human Being,” so as each side could comprehend the culture of the other side.
(ii) A Paradigm of the Universal Application of Mutually Accepted Norms:
The value and credibility of the multi-cultural paradigm depends upon its universal and consistent application across the issues, and the actors. Equal concern about human rights and cultural self-determination of all groups is likely to promote cultural exchange and promote confidence in Japan’s firm commitment to such paradigm. If it were agreed in the Muslim-Buddhist dialogue that nuclear weapons are a threat to humanity, such value must be applied to all actors who possess such weapons. Agreement on human rights and national self-determination should be also applied to all peoples under occupation, being in East Timor or Palestine.
(iii) Addressing the Concerns of All Parties:
Muslim-Buddhist dialogue must address itself to the major issues of concern to all actors. The agenda of the dialogue must be acceptable to all actors. Issues such as strategies of achieving regional peace, the concepts of holy wars, concepts of democracy and human rights, the promises and limits of economic privatization in the Arab countries, ethnic conflicts in Arab world, inter-religious and inter-civilizational dialogue, could be included in the dialogue.
(iv) Production of New Knowledge:
Muslim-Buddhist dialogue should not be restricted to the recall of historical legacies and memories but should focus on the perceptions of all sides of the new issues resulting from globalization and their potential contributions to reaching an inter- subjective consensus on a global code of ethics.
(v) An Institutionalized and Modernized Dialogue:
In thinking of operationalizing these dimensions into viable mechanisms, one can conceive of Muslim-Buddhist dialogue as having an institutional framework. The institution must have a permanent headquarters with a board of directors composed of an equal number of Buddhist and Muslim thinkers from different backgrounds. The board of directors should be entrusted with the task of formulating the agenda of the dialogue and publishing the proceedings in order to achieve cumulation. Further, it is crucial to pay special attention to younger generations especially those who have a potential for future leadership. Those who are enrolled in institutions of higher education need programs that portray the commonalties and differences among Muslim and Buddhist societies in a balanced way with special emphasis on mutual interests.
….

De wens tot institutionalisering, genoemd in deel IV, punt (v), komt voor mij volledig uit de lucht vallen. Wat betreft mijn opvattingen over Ikeda, zie m'n blog van 2 feb '15
Voor het volledige artikel, inclusief voetnoten, zie hier 

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Bijlage 3

UIT   'COMMON GROUND Between Islam & Buddhism '
Bron: www.islambuddhism.com/docs/CommonGround.pdf

By Reza Shah-Kazemi

With an essay by Shaykh Hamza Yusuf
Introduced by H. H. the Fourteenth Dalai Lama
H. R. H. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad
Professor Mohammad Hashim Kamali

Uit het Voorwoord (klik rechts) van de Dalai Lama: "This is an important and pioneering book, which seeks to find common ground between the teachings of Islam and of Buddhism. It is my hope that on the basis of this common ground, followers of each tradition may come to appreciate the spiritual truths their different paths entail and from this develop a basis for respect for each others practice and beliefs. This may not have occurred very often before, because there has been so little opportunity for real understanding between these two great traditions. This book attempts to set that right."
--------------------------------------------------------

Why Do We Need ‘Common Ground’?

The specific intention and goal of the commission was to identify a spiritual ‘Common Ground’(authentically based on the religious sacred texts of Islam and Buddhism) between Muslims and Buddhists that will enable both communities to love and respect each other not merely as human beings in general, but also as Muslims and Buddhists in particular. In other words, we hoped to find out and understand what in our two great religions — despite all of the many irreconcilable and unbridgeable doctrinal, theological, juridical and other differences that we do have between us and that we cannot and must not deny — we have in common that will enable us to practise more loving mercy and respect towards each other more because we are Muslims and Buddhists, and not simply because we are all human beings. We believe that, despite the dangers of syncretism, finding religious Common Ground is fruitful, because Muslims at least will never be able to be whole-heartedly enthusiastic about any ethic that does not even mention God or refer back to Him. For God says in the Holy Qur’an:
  But he who turneth away from remembrance of Me, his will
  be a narrow life, and I shall bring him blind to the assembly
  on the Day of Resurrection. (The Holy Qur’an, Ta Ha, 20:124)
...

This explains why we do not simply propose a version of the Second ‘Golden’ Commandment (‘Love thy Neighbour’) — versions of which are indeed to be found in the same texts of Islam and Buddhism (just as they are to be found in the sacred texts of Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Confucianism and Taoism amongst other religions): without the First ‘Golden’ Commandment (‘Love thy God’), the Second Commandment on its own inherently risks being spiritually devoid of truth, and thus risks descending into a superficial sentimentalism without true virtue and goodness; it risks being a secular ethic taking its stance on moods which we can conjure up to ourselves on occasion, requiring nothing from the soul, risking nothing, changing nothing, deceiving all.
...

All the above leads us to conclude as Muslims that the Buddha, whose basic guidance one in ten people on earth have been in principle following for the last 2500 years, in all likelihood - and God knows best - one of God's great Messengers, even if many Muslims will not accept everything in the Pali Canon as being authentically attributable to the Buddha.
...

Can Buddhist ethics be seen by Muslims as predicated upon this quest for the Sovereign Good? The answer will be yes, if the arguments proffered above will be accepted—if, in other words, one
accepts that the supreme goal in Buddhism corresponds closely to what is called the Essence of God in Islam. Since Buddhist ethics are clearly predicated upon the quest for the realization of the Absolute, we can thus assert that the ethical values shared in common by the two traditions are rooted in a quest for the Absolute, and should not be seen only within a framework of dialogue governed exclusively by the social domain.

Detachment: Anicca and Zuhd
It would be appropriate to begin this brief exploration of the shared ethical values between Buddhism and Islam by glancing at the ways in which we are to understand the nature of the world in which we live, according to the two traditions. Given the Buddhist conception of this world as being but one minute particle in the immeasurable series of universes of which the illusory web of samsara is woven, and given the Buddhist stress on the interminable series of reincarnations to which the unenlightened soul is susceptible within samsara, one might think that there is little in common between the two traditions as regards the fundamental attitude towards the ‘world’.
However, if one focuses upon the Buddhist idea of anicca, impermanence, and restricts one’s view to the fundamental nature of this world—leaving out of account the cosmological framework within which this world is situated—then we will be brought to a position remarkably close to that fashioned by the Islamic understanding of ‘the life of this world’, al-hayāt al-dunyā.

Suffering
As was seen in the introduction, the crux of the Buddha’s message concerns suffering and how to avoid it. The fact that we all undergo suffering (dukkha) is the first of the four ‘noble truths’; the second is the cause of suffering: ‘thirst’ (tanhā, Sanskrit: trishnā) for the impermanent;
the third is the cessation of suffering through the extinction of this thirst; and the fourth is the path that leads to the cessation of suffering. The crux of this fundamental teaching of the Buddha is the element of ‘thirst’. This thirst for the perishable things of this world arises out of the ego in its unbridled, untamed, unmastered state. Not only does this thirst generate the seeds of suffering for oneself, by producing a passionate attachment to things from which one will ineluctably be detached, sooner or later; this thirst also gives rise to all the vices that result in the infliction of suffering upon others. Therefore, one must overcome thirst for the perishable both for the sake of one’s liberation from suffering, and for the sake of liberating others from the consequences of one’s egotistically-driven vices. The opposite of suffering is not simply a state of ease for the ego; it is the highest good—Nirvana, thus, the Absolute, which transcends the ego and all its states. Thus the fundamental motivation for ridding oneself of suffering is not situated on the same plane as that upon which the suffering is located—the empirical ego. For this ego is, like all compounded (samskrta) things, itself impermanent, whence the idea of anattā or no-self. Rather, the motivation for this liberation from suffering is grounded in a quest for the Dharma, he Buddha-nature; in other words, it is grounded in that which is incommensurable with the ego. Thus, when one speaks of the ethical actions called for by the ‘eightfold path’—this path being the detailed expression of the fourth noble truth, viz., the path to the cessation of suffering—one is speaking about a quest that is more than simply ethical, and more than simply the cessation of suffering for the individual. Rather, this quest is for what in Islam is called the ‘Face of God’. The ethical necessity of overcoming egotism thus rejoins and is deepened by the spiritual imperative of transcending the ego for the sake of the Absolute.
Ridding oneself of thirst for the impermanent, then, is of the highest significance both in ethical and in spiritual terms. Such cardinal virtues as generosity and compassion, kindness and humility, patience and forbearance, arise in the measure of one’s success in rupturing the symbiotic nexus between egotism and the things of this world, between a false subject and the multitude of false objects.
Overcoming egotism, the source of all the vices, requires depriving it of its life-blood, and this life-blood of egotism is ‘thirst’; overcoming ‘thirst’ requires in its turn a concrete apprehension of the
impermanence of all those things which can be thirsted after. Thus, a correct understanding of anicca lies at the heart of that ethical imperative: overcoming egotism.
As noted in the introduction, one key element of a recurring description of those who are saved in the Hereafter relates to suffering.
....
Whereas for ordinary believers, the ‘good tidings’ pertain to the Hereafter, the saints are given the same good tidings in this world; for, here and now, they have achieved that state of contentment with God, and detachment from the world. The word ‘mindful’ translates yattaqūn, which derives from a root meaning ‘to guard’ or ‘protect’ oneself: the implication is that one guards oneself from the punishment of God by avoiding evil and doing good, in full awareness of God’s inescapable presence. The key term, taqwā, is thus often translated as ‘piety’ or ‘God-consciousness’, but it can equally well be translated as ‘mindfulness’ a term so closely associated with Buddhist ethics. Those who are ‘mindful’ of God are, by that very token, ‘guarding’ themselves against the perils of attachment to the ‘life of the world’, al-hayāt al-dunyā. They are guarding themselves against that which the Prophet warned his followers about most solemnly: ‘I do not fear that you will fall into idolatry (shirk), but I do fear that you will fall for this world—aspiring for it in competition with each other.’
...

In Buddhist terms, such a claim would be a form of ‘grasping’ (upādāna), and more specifically, attavādupādāna: grasping at a particular idea of the self, in this case, the idea that one’s self has achieved authenticity and realization through becoming adorned by the fruits of one’s spiritual endeavours: if I do not think that all this will ever perish, then the self which possesses ‘all this’,
will likewise be deemed to be imperishable.
This section can be brought to a fitting end with the penetrating words of the Shin Buddhist already cited above, Kenryo Kanamatsu, which will surely resonate with any Muslim sensitive to the need for zuhd in relation to the ‘life of the world’: ‘All our belongings assume a weight by the ceaseless gravitation of our selfish desires; we cannot easily cast them away from us. They seem to belong to our very nature, to stick to us as a second skin, and we bleed as we detach them.’

Loving Compassion: Karunā and Rahma
Compassion, even on the human plane, is not just a sentiment, it is an existential quality. This existential quality presupposes a concrete sense of participation in the suffering of others, as is expressed by the etymology of the word: com-passion means to ‘suffer with’ another. The metaphysics of unity finds its most appropriate ethical expression in this quality, for when the illusion of separation is overcome, the suffering of the other becomes one’s own, and the virtues of compassion and mercy, generosity and love become the hallmarks of the character of one who has truly realized Unity.
Similarly, as seen in the previous section, when self-preoccupation is overcome, together with the worldliness, subtle or overt, which feeds it, then the same qualities centered on compassionate love will flow forth naturally and spontaneously: these qualities, inherent in the spiritual substance or fitra of each soul, will no longer be constrained or suffocated by coagulations of egotism and worldliness. Rather, compassionate love will emanate to the whole of creation, the compassionate soul will reflect and radiate the all-encompassing grace of God. ....

Islam and Buddhism come together on the centrality of this quality of compassionate love, and for both traditions, this human quality is inseparable from the Absolute, in which it is rooted, and to which it leads. In this section we hope to show that the Islamic conception of Rahma makes explicit what is largely implicit in the earliest texts of the Pali canon; in this respect, it can be seen to serve a function similar to that of Mahayana Buddhism, wherein compassion comes to play a determinative role, elevated as the very principle, cosmological and not simply ethical, which motivates the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. We would therefore argue that for both Muslims and Buddhists, the quality of loving compassion must determine the core of one’s personality, and it must dominate the nature of one’s conduct in relation to others; this ideal, at once ethical and spiritual, derives its ultimate justification and transformative power from the fact that it expresses on the human plane a principle which is rooted in the heart of the Absolute.
As is well known, in Islam one consecrates every action, and not just ritual action, with the basmala—that is, the formula Bismillāh al-Rahmān al-Rahīm, in the Name of God, the Lovingly
Compassionate, the Lovingly Merciful. It is entirely appropriate that all initiative should begin with the ‘names of mercy’, for it is merciful love which lies at the very root of creation in Islam,
as will be seen below. In both traditions compassion is inseparable from love, mettā in Buddhism and mahabba in Islam. In Buddhism one even finds the compound maitrī-karunā ‘lovecompassion’ which expresses the intertwining of these two principles; in Islam, likewise, Rahma cannot be translated by the single English word ‘compassion’ or ‘mercy’, but requires the addition of the element of love.
A compelling reason for translating Rahma as loving compassion and not just compassion—and certainly not just ‘mercy’—is provided by the Prophet’s use of this word in the following incident.
At the conquest of Mecca, certain captives were brought to the Prophet. There was a woman among them, running frantically and calling for her baby; she found him, held him to her breast and fed him. The Prophet said to his companions: ‘Do you think this woman would cast her child into the fire?’ We said, ‘No, she could not do such a thing.’ He said, ‘God is more lovingly compassionate (arham) to His servants than is this woman to her child.’26 The Rahma of God is here defined by reference to a quality which all can recognize as love: the mother’s acts of compassion and mercy stream forth from an overwhelming inner love for her child. One cannot love another without feeling compassionate to that person, while one can feel compassion for someone without necessarily loving that person.
...

Oneness and Compassion
Islam also helps to answer the question which might be posed to a Buddhist: what is the connection between the metaphysics of unity— in terms of which there appears to be no ‘other’, no ‘dualism’, Samsara and Nirvana being one—and the quality of compassion—which logically presupposes both an agent and a recipient of compassion, thus, a duality? Or it might be asked: is there a contradiction between the absolute transcendence of Reality, and the compassionate manifestation of this Reality? We would answer in terms of Islamic metaphysics that the oneness of Reality strictly implies compassion. ...


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Bijlage 4

The Buddhist Face of Peace: Buddhist Peace Initiatives in Times of Religious Intolerance

door Iselin Frydenlund and Susan Hayward

"Buddhist radicalism is on the rise in countries like Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Buddhist anti-Muslim rhetoric, violence against Muslim minorities and hate speech against UN officials are now global media sensations. Less known is the growing number of religious peace initiatives, by both Muslims and Buddhists, to address the situation. Recently, practitioners and scholars met in Bangkok to discuss ways forward.

Anti-Muslim violence

Both Sri Lanka and Myanmar have witnessed severe verbal and physical attacks on their Muslim minorities since 2012. For further reading on this, see for example The New York Times, The Democratic Voice of Burma, and Reuters. While it has been hard to prove who the perpetrators are, two things remain clear: 1) the attacks take place in an atmosphere of strong anti-Muslim rhetoric from certain Buddhist monk-led nationalist groups and 2) the (largely unknown) orchestrators and perpetrators of violent attacks operate with impunity. A common interpretation of the source of these attacks in both Sri Lanka and Myanmar is that of the “cronies”, that is, the economic elite, as well as the “evil state” and “evil politicians,” implying politically orchestrated violence between different religious communities. While this certainly might be the case, it should be noted that it has been difficult to establish links between the violence and different state agents, though in both countries some leading politicians and military officials have well-known relations with some Buddhist monks associated with the nationalist movements. For further reading on the situation in Myanmar, see the East-West Center.

However, what remains clear is that both states have failed systematically in protecting their Muslim minority groups. In addition to representing violations of the right to life, the right to non-discrimination and the right to freedom of religion or belief for each individual, the escalating levels of religious intolerance also represents a serious threat both to local communities as well as to the states themselves. The new Buddhist radicalism is transnational in the sense that Buddhist radical groups in Myanmar and Sri Lanka see their own challenges not only from a local point of view, but understand these within a regional, or even global, framework.

Radical Political Buddhism

What we witness now is a new form of Buddhist revivalism similar to those seen in both countries during the colonial and early independence periods, but which is less tied to local communities than before. Still, ethnicity is of utmost importance to these new radical groups, but the new form of political Buddhism reflects a modernist twist as it transcends the boundaries of the nation state and goes regional, even global. For example, radical Buddhist groups like the 969 in Myanmar nurtures close links with the Bodu Bala Sena (“The Buddhist Power Force”) of Sri Lanka. This political Buddhism shares with its prior manifestation a concern for state protection of Buddhism, but is transnational in its resistance to what it understands to be “the Islamic threat,” particularly the global spread, noticeably into Asia, of conservative expressions of Islam and forms of Muslim violent extremism. In this situation, what we see are both stronger attachments to Buddhist identity vis-à-vis other religions, as well as a new regional concern about religious minorities and majorities in Asia. What happens to Muslim minorities in Myanmar matters in Indonesia and Malaysia, and what happens to Buddhist minorities in Saudi Arabia or Bangladesh matters to those in Myanmar and Sri Lanka. There is a broader Buddhist political consciousness at play, and an increasing sense of local connection to a wider Buddhist sangha, at least among the Theravada world. Modern forms of media and information sharing fuel these connections.

Buddhist peace initiatives

But this same sense of broader connectivity also fuels many religious peace initiatives across the region. Recently, nearly 30 practitioners and academics working across Theravada contexts met at one of Thailand´s leading universities to discuss various strategies for religious peacebuilding in the region. The increasing level of hate speech by religious leaders, new forms of religious intolerance in social and legal norms, and increasing numbers of violent confrontation between different religious communities are met with great concern, not only by Western states, the UN, or international non-governmental organizations like the Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International, but more importantly, by local and regional civil society organizations and religious leaders themselves. While not denying the importance of international engagement, discussions on issues like inter-communal violence, the place of religion in the public sphere, or legitimate or illegitimate restrictions on freedom of religion or belief must be addressed within the religious communities themselves.

So far, the most important and top-level initiative is the “Yogakarta meeting” in Indonesia. In March 2015 religious officials from across the region met to discuss Buddhist-Muslim relations and to foster mutual peace and understanding. In their declaration they state that “Buddhism and Islam have been misused by some for their own political purposes to fuel prejudice and stereotyping and to incite discrimination and violence.” And they pledged continued work to promote inter and intra-religious education, conflict prevention, and positive engagement with the media. Statements crafted by local religious leaders like that of the Yogakarta declaration, endorsed by several authoritative Buddhist and Muslim organizations, carries much more weight than any human rights’ groups’ condemnation of the role of religious leaders in creating intolerance and mistrust.

Also, several exchange visits in the region have brought peacebuilders from one national context to another to share effective strategies at addressing similar challenges. These transnational efforts compliment the quiet work being done in local communities led by religious actors to strengthen inter-religious coexistence and transform the drivers of violence, done with the encouragement and input of other likeminded peacebuilders from the region. Finally, various initiatives are being taken by Buddhist organizations outside of the region, for example by the Buddhist Federation of Norway, which through close cooperation with Buddhist monastic organizations in the region facilitates discussions on human rights and religious freedom from a Buddhist normative point of view (http://www.buddhismreligiousminorities.org).

What can religious peace initiatives offer?

First, they can challenge exclusivist discourses by pointing at diverse theological interpretations of a given situation. In the case of both Myanmar and Sri Lanka what is at stake according to radical Buddhists is the very survival of Buddhism vis a vis the “Islamic threat.” The question, then, is how one is to protect Buddhism in a way that does not imply violations of the rights of non-Buddhists, or in a way that might foster communal conflict. This requires an intra-Buddhist debate on Buddhist principles, religious pluralism and human rights, for example like the conference in Bangkok, or the religious minority initiative taken by the Buddhist Federation of Norway. Second, religious peace initiatives might offer alternative spaces for cooperation between religious communities, for example through a shared interest for the common good. Many of the initiatives discussed at the Bangkok meeting addressed the best ways for improving health care, education and access to resources for all, or environmental issues, across religious communities. Also, the role played by traditional, as well as social, media as drivers for religious intolerance was addressed. There is a need to communicate lived experiences of peaceful co-existence across religious divisions.

Pitfalls and possibilities. “Religious peacebuilding” is a vague notion, often romanticized and promoted by “religious peace-builders” themselves. There are many pitfalls to be recognized: the limited impact of religious leaders upon their communities, their lack of independence from the state and the danger of top-level talk with little impact on local social and political realities. However, the rising levels of religious tension require the engagement of religious actors, unless exclusivist ideologies, intolerance and violence are to win.
"

Bron:  Frydenlund & Hayward
Deels overgenomen in Tricycle: May 28, 2015     "Theravada Buddhism’s Muslim Problem 
Although international engagement has its place, only discussion and peacebuilding among local communities can help stem the wave of anti-Muslim violence.
"

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Bijlage 5     Buddhism vs Islam

Een vergelijking tussen de twee religies


Bron:  www.diffen.com/difference/Buddhism_vs_Islam

Vooraf: de website waarop ik dit gevonden heb, noemt geen auteurs of bronnen.
Als er onjuistheden in staan, dan bij voorbaat mijn excuses en bereidheid te corrigeren.
Een beperking is in ieder geval dat gedaan wordt alsof er één 'Boeddhisme' is, de onderlinge grote verschillen zijn hier onzichtbaar (het lijkt overwegend een Theravada-benadering).
Mogelijk geldt deze beperking ook (de kenmerken van) de Islam.


           Comparison chart




Buddhism


Islam


Practices Practices of the Threefold Training:
Morality, Concentration, and Wisdom.
Five pillars: Testament that there is one God and Muhammad is his messenger (shahadah); prayer five times daily; fast during Ramadan; charity to the poor (zakat); pilgrimage (Hajj).
Place of worship Monasteries, nunneries, pagodas and temples. Mosque/masjid, any place which is considered clean by Islamic standards.
Place of origin Nepal, India Arabian Peninsula.
Belief of God Buddhism does not believe in a Creator God. Only one God.
Use of statues and pictures Common Muslims are not permitted to depict the image of God nor any prophet.
Means of salvation Buddhism has nothing to do with "salvation". The only goal in Buddhism is to attain Nirvana. To do this, we should let go of our desires, cravings and attachments, and try to dispel our ignorance Belief in one God, remembrance of God, repentance, fear of God and hope in God's mercy.
About Following the teachings of the Buddha Islam consists of individuals who believe in Allah, a deity whose teachings its followers—Muslims—believe were recorded, verbatim, by the god's last prophet, Muhammad.
Belief The Buddha was the teacher to show us the four noble truths and the eightfold path (the path to nirvana or the way to enlightenment). Belief in one God,who has sent messengers with revelation and guidance for humanity so they may be guided to Islam (submission to God) & who have came with both good news and a warning, the last & final messenger being Muhammad صلى الله علي
Religious Law The Buddha's teachings, the Dharma. Sharia law, or law that is loosely or strictly based on the Qur'an, exists in many countries that have a majority Muslim population. Only some regions with sharia law apply it to judicial or criminal issues.
Life after death Until one has attained Nirvana, he or she will be reborn into any of the 31 planes of existence over and over again, due to his/her karma. A Muslim and all the beings will be accountable to Allah on the Day of Judgement.
Clergy Monks and Nuns, who unitedly and exactly follow the teachings of the Buddha under the name 'Sangha'. Imam leads congregational prayer in a mosque. Sheikh, Maulana, Mullah and Mufti
Concept of Deity Instead of deities, Devas or celestial beings are accepted as those suffering in the samsara. God (Allah) is the only god and is all-powerful and omniscient.
Prophets No prophets accepted in Theravada Buddhism. Many from Adam, Abraham, Noah, Jesus etc to Muhammed
Day of worship Instead of worshipping, Buddhists pay obeisance to the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha. Prayer five times daily is obligatory. Friday is the day of congregational prayer, obligatory for men, but not for women.
View of other Oriental religions Buddhists usually follow Oriental religions, as well as their own. N/A
Principle This life is suffering, and the only way to escape from this suffering is to dispel one's cravings and ignorance by practising the Eightfold Path. Say, "He is Allah , [who is] One, Allah , the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent." - Quran: Surah Al Ikhlas
Definition Teachings of the Buddha Islam is an Arabic word for "Submission or surrender in Ultimate Peace".Muslim means a believer in One God (Al-Illah or Allah)
Symbols Wheel. None that are universal, though Muhammad's name in calligraphy is common. The popular star and crescent symbol is also common, but mainly relates to historical and political issues, not necessarily religious ones.
Concept of God A God or gods have always been rejected wholly by Theravada Buddhists. Their only refuges are the three jewels: The Buddha, The Dhamma, and The Sangha. Ninety nine names and attributes of Allah (God) who is infinite supreme, Sublimely one, all are dependent on him yet he depends on none. Self sufficient. without beginning and without end, and there is nothing comparable to him.
Angels No angels accepted. Angels are created from light and remain unseen as they worship and follow God's commands.
View of Oriental religions Knows that any other religions cannot lead to the nirvana, but never condemns them. All Religions were given the book and are people of the book but are FALSE religions
Teachings about Behavior Never do what is evil; do what is good; keep your mind pure. (teachings of the Buddhas about behavior) Scholars of morality have divided moral issues into two categories: 1 - Morals in the common meaning 2 - Morals in the particular meaning that includes good manners and Islamic behaviour